DGCA GROUND SCHOOL • SPL & CPL VIVA MASTER (884 Q&A)
DGCA Pilot Viva & Ground Knowledge Base
The definitive oral examination prep bank covering Piper PA-28-181 Archer III DX, Kishangarh Aerodrome (VIKG), Air Regulations, Aviation Meteorology, General Navigation, Radio Navigation & Radar, Flight Instruments & Avionics, and Principles of Flight.
Authentic Previously Asked Viva Questions (65 Q&A)REAL EXAM ARCHIVE
Official DGCA & flight school board exam question sheet covering PA-28-181 DX, VIKG procedures, met codes, and aerodynamics.
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Q#1PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What engine powers the PA-28-181 Archer III DX operated by Avyanna Aviation Academy?
Q#2PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What is the total displacement of the TAE 125-02-114 engine?
Q#3PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What is the maximum power output and at what RPM is it achieved?
Q#4PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Explain the function of the FADEC system in this aircraft.
Q#5PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Does the FADEC system have a backup power source, and how long does it last?
Q#6PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What are the specific manufacturer, model, and diameter of the propeller?
Q#7PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What material is the propeller made of?
Q#8PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What type of fuel does the PA-28-181 Archer III DX use?
Q#9PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What is the total and usable fuel capacity in liters and US Gallons?
Q#10PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What are the minimum and maximum operating temperature limits for the gearbox oil?
Q#11PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What are the minimum and maximum operating temperature limits for the coolant?
Q#12PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What are the minimum and maximum oil pressure limits for the engine?
Q#13PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What is the maximum allowable weight in the baggage compartment?
Q#14PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What are the exact forward and aft CG limits for a weight of 2550 lbs?
Q#15PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What is the wingspan, length, and height of the PA-28-181?
Q#16PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What type of flaps does the Piper Archer have, and what is their maximum deflection angle?
Q#17PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What are the Vx and Vy climb speeds for the aircraft with flaps up?
Q#18PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What is the Vs0 and Vs1 stall speed for this aircraft?
Q#19PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What are the Vfe, Vno, and Vne speeds?
Q#20PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Explain the electrical system architecture of the PA-28-181 Archer III DX (batteries and buses).
Q#21PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What is the voltage of the primary electrical system and the output of the alternator?
Q#22PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Name the LRUs (Line Replaceable Units) in the Garmin G1000 NXi avionics suite and state their functions.
Q#23PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Where is the alternate static port located and what is its operational effect?
Q#24PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What is the ICAO and IATA code for Kishangarh Aerodrome?
Q#25PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What is the official aerodrome elevation of Kishangarh (VIKG)?
Q#26PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What are the runway designators and physical dimensions at VIKG?
Q#27PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What type of airspace classification applies to VIKG and what is its lateral jurisdiction?
Q#28PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What are the primary and standby ATC radio frequencies at VIKG?
Q#29PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What is the frequency and identifier of the D-VOR at VIKG?
Q#30PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What visual approach slope indicators and airfield lighting are installed at VIKG?
Q#31PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Why is the nose gear tire pressure lower than the main gear tire pressure in the PA-28 Archer?
Q#32PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Explain the Oleo-Pneumatic Strut construction on the PA-28 Archer and its inspection limits.
Q#33PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
How does Maneuvering Speed ($V_A$) change with aircraft weight in the PA-28, and why?
Q#34PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Detail the Liquid Cooling System architecture of the TAE 125-02-114 Centurion 2.0s engine.
Q#35PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What happens if there is a complete loss of engine coolant in flight in the Archer DX?
Q#36PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Explain the Reduction Gearbox and separate Gearbox Lubrication System on the Centurion 2.0s.
Q#37PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What is the purpose of the Gearbox Friction Clutch, and how is it monitored?
Q#38PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Explain the Low Oil Pressure failure sequence and immediate pilot memory action on the PA-28 Archer DX.
Q#39PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Detail the Dual FADEC electrical power supply architecture: Alternator, Main Battery, and FADEC Backup Battery.
Q#40PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What happens if both the Alternator and Main Battery fail in the Archer DX? Detail the FADEC Backup Battery procedure.
Q#41PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Explain the High-Pressure Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) system and operating pressures.
Q#42PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What happens if an electric low-pressure fuel pump fails in the Archer DX common-rail system?
Q#43PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Explain Fuel Temperature Limits and the Fuel Return / Recirculation System in the PA-28 Archer DX.
Q#44PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What is the purpose of anti-microbial biocide (e.g. Kathon FP 1.5 or Biobor JF) in Jet A-1 fuel for the Archer DX?
Q#45PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Explain the Fuel Venting System and why blocked fuel vents can cause engine stoppage.
Q#46PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Why is an Auxiliary Electric Fuel Pump installed, and when is it mandatorily switched ON?
Q#47PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Detail the 28-Volt Electrical System architecture, circuit breakers, and Main Bus vs Essential Bus.
Q#48PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What is an Alternator Inop light, and what steps are taken during an in-flight alternator failure?
Q#49PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Explain the Stabilator Anti-Servo Tab and its dual aerodynamic functions on the PA-28.
Q#50PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Why is the PA-28 equipped with an all-moving stabilator instead of a conventional fixed stabilizer and elevator?
Q#51PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Detail the mechanical manual flap system (Johnson Bar) on the PA-28: flap detents and emergency advantages.
Q#52PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Explain Differential Ailerons on the PA-28 and how they counteract Adverse Yaw.
Q#53PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What causes Nose Wheel Shimmy during takeoff or landing roll, and how is it dampened?
Q#54PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Explain the Stall Warning Vane on the PA-28: operating principle and electrical heating.
Q#55PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Detail the Pitot-Static Mast on the PA-28: heating element and alternate static valve location.
Q#56PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What are the emergency memory items for an In-Flight Engine Fire in the PA-28 Archer DX?
Q#57PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
What is the Maximum Demonstrated Crosswind component for the PA-28-181, and what technique is used?
Q#58PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Detail the Spin Recovery technique (PARE) for the PA-28 Archer.
Q#59PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Explain the Kishangarh (VIKG) Local Flying Area (LFA) boundaries, Avyanna Company Frequency, and Sector safety altitudes.
Q#60PA-28-181 & VIKG Aerodrome
Summarize the Avyanna SPL & CPL Master Viva Preparation Check Sheet for the PA-28 Archer DX.
Q#1Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is an inline engine?
Q#2Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is a V engine?
Q#3Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is a radial engine?
Q#4Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is a flat/horizontally opposed engine?
Q#5Piston Engines & Powerplants
What cycle do piston aero engines primarily use?
Q#6Piston Engines & Powerplants
What cycle do gas turbine engines use?
Q#7Piston Engines & Powerplants
What are the four strokes of the Otto cycle?
Q#8Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is TDC?
Q#9Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is BDC?
Q#10Piston Engines & Powerplants
How many degrees of crankshaft rotation complete a 4-stroke cycle?
Q#11Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is the function of the crankshaft?
Q#12Piston Engines & Powerplants
What does the camshaft do?
Q#13Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is engine 'bore'?
Q#14Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is an over-square engine?
Q#15Piston Engines & Powerplants
How does the theoretical Otto cycle differ from the practical cycle?
Q#16Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is valve lead?
Q#17Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is valve lag?
Q#18Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is valve overlap?
Q#19Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is firing interval?
Q#20Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is IMEP?
Q#21Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is Manifold Pressure (MAP)?
Q#22Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is IHP?
Q#23Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is FHP?
Q#24Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is BHP?
Q#25Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is SHP?
Q#26Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is power-to-weight ratio?
Q#27Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is SFC?
Q#28Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is mechanical efficiency?
Q#29Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is thermal efficiency?
Q#30Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is volumetric efficiency?
Q#31Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is compression ratio?
Q#32Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is clearance ratio?
Q#33Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is the camshaft speed relative to crankshaft speed in a 4-stroke engine?
Q#34Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is a wet sump lubrication system?
Q#35Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is a dry sump system?
Q#36Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is a force feed lubrication system?
Q#37Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is the hot pot in a dry sump tank?
Q#38Piston Engines & Powerplants
Where is oil inlet temperature typically measured?
Q#39Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is the suction filter?
Q#40Piston Engines & Powerplants
What does the pressure pump do?
Q#41Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is the pressure filter?
Q#42Piston Engines & Powerplants
What does the oil pressure gauge indicate?
Q#43Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is a scavenge filter?
Q#44Piston Engines & Powerplants
What does the scavenge pump do?
Q#45Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is the purpose of an oil cooler?
Q#46Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is the thermostatic bypass valve?
Q#47Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is the anti-surge valve?
Q#48Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is feathering oil?
Q#49Piston Engines & Powerplants
What indicates low oil quantity or pump failure?
Q#50Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is oil viscosity?
Q#51Piston Engines & Powerplants
What are common types of aviation oil?
Q#52Piston Engines & Powerplants
How does liquid cooling work?
Q#53Piston Engines & Powerplants
What does a cooling thermostat do?
Q#54Piston Engines & Powerplants
How does air cooling work?
Q#55Piston Engines & Powerplants
What does the ignition switch do?
Q#56Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is a magneto?
Q#57Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is a glow plug?
Q#58Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is a dead cut check?
Q#59Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is a live mag check?
Q#60Piston Engines & Powerplants
When is the MAP/RPM drop check done?
Q#61Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is magneto arcing?
Q#62Piston Engines & Powerplants
What does the magneto primary coil do?
Q#63Piston Engines & Powerplants
What does the secondary coil do?
Q#64Piston Engines & Powerplants
What are the common grades of aviation gasoline (Avgas)?
Q#65Piston Engines & Powerplants
What causes carburettor icing?
Q#66Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is calorific value?
Q#67Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is flame rate?
Q#68Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is a lean mixture?
Q#69Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is a rich mixture?
Q#70Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is detonation (knocking)?
Q#71Piston Engines & Powerplants
What causes detonation?
Q#72Piston Engines & Powerplants
How do you prevent detonation?
Q#73Piston Engines & Powerplants
What fuel do aviation diesel engines typically use?
Q#74Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is engine conversion?
Q#75Piston Engines & Powerplants
What causes engine backfiring?
Q#76Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is the chemically correct (stoichiometric) ratio for Avgas?
Q#77Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is the practical best power mixture ratio?
Q#78Piston Engines & Powerplants
What does Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) indicate?
Q#79Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is priming?
Q#80Piston Engines & Powerplants
What does carburettor heating do?
Q#81Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is CRDI?
Q#82Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is DOHC?
Q#83Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is an FCU?
Q#84Piston Engines & Powerplants
What does the discharge nozzle do?
Q#85Piston Engines & Powerplants
What does the fuel manifold valve do?
Q#86Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is a centrifugal compressor?
Q#87Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is the function of the impeller and diffuser?
Q#88Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is the difference between a turbocharger and a supercharger?
Q#89Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is a wastegate?
Q#90Piston Engines & Powerplants
When is the wastegate fully open?
Q#91Piston Engines & Powerplants
When is the wastegate fully shut?
Q#92Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is critical altitude?
Q#93Piston Engines & Powerplants
What is turbo lag?
Q#1Air Regulations
What are the 19 Annexes to the ICAO Convention on International Civil Aviation?
Q#2Air Regulations
What are the Freedoms of the Air? Explain all 5 declared freedoms under the Chicago Convention.
Q#3Air Regulations
Detail the key International Aviation Conventions: Tokyo, Rome, Warsaw, Montreal, Chicago, Cape Town, and Hague.
Q#4Air Regulations
What is Cabotage? Explain Cabotage traffic, Open Skies policy, and the difference between a Wet Lease and a Dry Lease.
Q#5Air Regulations
What are the roles, structures, and functions of MoCA, DGCA, WPC, and AAI in India?
Q#6Air Regulations
Compare the requirements for CPL, CPL with Instrument Rating (IR), and ATPL under Annex 1 (Personnel Licensing).
Q#7Air Regulations
What are the rules regarding Co-pilot flight time logging, PPL requirements, illness reporting, and pilot recency (90-day rule)?
Q#8Air Regulations
What are the requirements and specifications for Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks under Annex 7?
Q#9Air Regulations
Explain the territorial application of the Rules of the Air (Annex 2) and the authority and responsibility of the Pilot-in-Command (PIC).
Q#10Air Regulations
What are Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) and Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC)? What are the specific VFR flight visibility and cloud distance minima across all airspace classes?
Q#11Air Regulations
What is Special VFR (SVFR)? When is it granted and what are the take-off and meteorological minima in a Control Zone (CTR)?
Q#12Air Regulations
What are the rules and height restrictions governing Aerobatic Flights?
Q#13Air Regulations
What are the minimum safe flight altitudes (Low Flying rules) for VFR and IFR flights over populated and non-populated areas?
Q#14Air Regulations
What are Prohibited Areas, Restricted Areas, and Danger Areas? What ground visual signal warns an aircraft flying near them, and what immediate actions must a pilot take?
Q#15Air Regulations
Name prominent Prohibited and Restricted airspaces in India with their vertical and lateral limits.
Q#16Air Regulations
What are the rules concerning Formation Flights, Dropping of Articles/Leaflets, Towing, and Parachute descents?
Q#17Air Regulations
Explain the Right of Way rules for aircraft in flight: Approaching Head-on, Overtaking, and Converging.
Q#18Air Regulations
What is the right-of-way priority hierarchy between different classes of aircraft, during landing, and on the aerodrome surface?
Q#19Air Regulations
What procedures must a pilot follow if their aircraft is intercepted by military aircraft? What do interceptor maneuvers mean, and what transponder codes apply?
Q#20Air Regulations
What navigation lights and anti-collision lights must be displayed by an aircraft? What are their angles of coverage and color specifications?
Q#21Air Regulations
What action must be taken in the event of aircraft light failure in flight?
Q#22Air Regulations
When is filing an ICAO Flight Plan (FPL) mandatory in India? What are the filing deadlines before departure and in flight?
Q#23Air Regulations
What are the rules regarding flight plan delays, adherence to Current Flight Plan (CPL), and tolerances for reporting deviations (Mach, TAS, ETA)?
Q#24Air Regulations
Explain the aerodrome light gun communication signals used by ATC for communication failure or visual control.
Q#25Air Regulations
What is the standard communication failure procedure when operating in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC)?
Q#26Air Regulations
What is the 7-step standard communication failure procedure when operating under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC)?
Q#27Air Regulations
Explain the Semi-Circular (Cruising Levels) Rule and how it differs from Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM).
Q#28Air Regulations
What is Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM)? What airspace does it cover, what are its benefits, and what mandatory avionics equipment is required?
Q#29Air Regulations
Compare Conventional Vertical Separation Minima (CVSM) and RVSM separation distances below and above FL290.
Q#30Air Regulations
Explain the Visual Signals displayed in an Aerodrome Signals Area.
Q#31Air Regulations
What are the standard Flight Deck Signals and Marshalling Signals between ground personnel and pilots?
Q#32Air Regulations
What is the ICAO Airspace Classification system (Classes A to G)?
Q#33Air Regulations
Describe ATS Airspace definitions: Control Zone (CTR), Control Area (CTA/TMA), Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ), and Airspace organization in India.
Q#34Air Regulations
What are the lateral separation minima based on radio navigation aids (VOR, NDB, Dead Reckoning)?
Q#35Air Regulations
What are the longitudinal separation minima based on time and speed differentials between aircraft on the same track?
Q#36Air Regulations
What are the longitudinal separation minima based on DME distance on the same, crossing, and reciprocal tracks?
Q#37Air Regulations
Explain Performance Based Navigation (PBN) concepts: RNP, RCP, and RSP with practical operational examples.
Q#38Air Regulations
Explain the anatomy, design, and entry procedures of a standard Holding Pattern.
Q#39Air Regulations
What are Wake Turbulence Categories of aircraft and non-radar longitudinal separation minima for departing and arriving aircraft?
Q#40Air Regulations
How are Wake Vortices generated, what flight configuration produces the worst vortices, and how far and fast do wake vortices travel?
Q#41Air Regulations
What is the difference between Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) and Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR)? How does ATC achieve radar separation?
Q#42Air Regulations
Explain the functions and operating characteristics of Mode A, Mode C, and Mode S transponders, including emergency squawk codes.
Q#43Air Regulations
Compare Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Contract (ADS-C).
Q#44Air Regulations
Define key ICAO aeronautical altitude terms: ETA, EAT, DER, OCA/OCH, MEHT, OIS, MSA, TCAS/ACAS, DA/DH, MDA/MDH, MOCA, Grid MORA, and MEA.
Q#45Air Regulations
Explain the standard altimeter setting procedures: QNH, QFE, QNE, Transition Altitude (TA), Transition Level (TL), Transition Layer, and usable flight levels in India.
Q#46Air Regulations
What is Circle-to-Land? When can a pilot descend below MDA, and what is the missed approach procedure if visual reference is lost?
Q#47Air Regulations
What is the difference between a Procedure Turn, a Base Turn, and a No Transgression Zone (NTZ)?
Q#48Air Regulations
What is the scope of Flight Information Service (FIS), and what are the operational specifications of Voice-ATIS broadcasts?
Q#49Air Regulations
What are the three Search and Rescue (SAR) emergency alerting phases (INCERFA, ALERFA, DETRESFA) and their declaration criteria?
Q#50Air Regulations
What are the components of the Integrated Aeronautical Information Package: AIP (GEN, ENR, AD), AIP Amendments, AIP Supplements, AIRAC, and AIC?
Q#51Air Regulations
What is an AIRAC cycle? What are its common effective date intervals, advance distribution timeline, and change freeze period?
Q#52Air Regulations
What is a NOTAM? Explain the different series of NOTAMs promulgated in India (Series A, B, C, D, G) and the purpose of SNOWTAM and ASHTAM.
Q#53Air Regulations
Define Runway Declared Distances: TORA, TODA, ASDA, and LDA. What are the physical and operational specifications of a Clearway and a Stopway?
Q#54Air Regulations
Explain the Aerodrome Reference Code system (Code Number 1-4 and Code Letter A-F) and how runway width is determined.
Q#55Air Regulations
Explain the ACN-PCN method of reporting airport pavement bearing strength. Decode a sample PCN string like PCN 80 / R / B / W / T.
Q#56Air Regulations
Describe the types, dimensions, and spacing of official Runway Surface Markings: Designation, Centerline, Threshold stripes, Aiming point, and Touchdown zone.
Q#57Air Regulations
Describe Taxiway surface markings, Taxiway Centerline, and Runway Holding Position (Hold Short) markings.
Q#58Air Regulations
Detail the Aerodrome Lighting systems: Aerodrome Beacon, Approach Lighting Systems (Simple 420m, Precision Cat I 900m, Calvert Cat II/III 900m), and PAPI / APAPI slope indicators.
Q#59Air Regulations
Describe Runway Edge Lights, Threshold Lights, Runway End Lights, Centerline Lights, Touchdown Zone Lights, and Taxiway Lights.
Q#60Air Regulations
What are Mandatory Instruction Signs, Location Signs, Direction Signs, and Destination Signs at an aerodrome? What are the lighting requirements for aerodrome obstacles?
Q#61Air Regulations
What are the specific meteorological conditions required for CAVOK, and what are the contents of an AIREP / PIREP?
Q#62Air Regulations
What are the key provisions, jurisdictional scope, and statutory powers of the Aircraft Act 1934 and Aircraft Rules 1937?
Q#63Air Regulations
What are the Indian Aircraft Public Health Rules 1954 regarding quarantinable diseases, incubation periods, and carriage of human remains?
Q#64Air Regulations
What is Air Defence Clearance (ADC)? When is an aircraft exempt, how long is it valid, and when must a new ADC be obtained?
Q#65Air Regulations
What mandatory documents must be carried on board an Indian civil registered aircraft? How long must crew journey logbooks be preserved?
Q#66Air Regulations
What are the mandatory minimum fuel reserve requirements for Piston-engine and Turbojet aircraft under IFR, VFR, and with/without alternate aerodromes?
Q#67Air Regulations
What are the statutory flight crew and passenger supplemental oxygen requirements at various flight altitudes?
Q#68Air Regulations
Define the classification of Runway Surface Conditions: Damp, Wet, and Contaminated. What is Aquaplaning, and what are the Mu-meter friction coefficient codes?
Q#69Air Regulations
What are the Flight Duty Time Limitations (FDTL) for domestic and international operations in India, maximum flying hours, and cabin crew requirements?
Q#70Air Regulations
What are the mandatory safety clearance distances to be maintained during aircraft refuelling?
Q#71Air Regulations
What are the Carriage of Dangerous Goods regulations under Annex 18, and what is the difference between an MMEL and an MEL?
Q#72Air Regulations
What are the classification of fires and recommended fire extinguishing agents on aircraft?
Q#73Air Regulations
What are Noise Abatement departure and arrival procedures, and what meteorological conditions prohibit their use?
Q#74Air Regulations
What are the four types of Hypoxia, Dalton's Law, the four stages of hypoxia, and how do you differentiate and treat Hypoxia vs Hyperventilation?
Q#75Air Regulations
What is Carbon Monoxide (CO) poisoning in light aircraft, and what immediate emergency actions must a pilot take?
Q#76Air Regulations
What is Rapid Cabin Decompression, Decompression Sickness (Bends), and what is Time of Useful Consciousness (TUC) at various altitudes?
Q#77Air Regulations
Explain Eye Physiology in aviation: Rods vs Cones, dark adaptation, empty field myopia, and night scanning techniques.
Q#78Air Regulations
Describe common Vestibular and Sensory Illusions in flight: Vertigo, Coriolis Effect, Somatogravic Illusion, Autokinesis, Narrow/Wide runway, and Upslope/Downslope runway.
Q#79Air Regulations
What is the SHEL Model in aviation human factors, and how do its elements interact?
Q#80Air Regulations
What are the communications Q-codes QDM, QDR, QTE, QUJ, QNH, QFE, QNE, QFF, and what is the standard order of message priority on VHF R/T?
Q#81Air Regulations
What are the eligibility requirements, oral exams, and privileges of a Student Pilot Licence (SPL)?
Q#82Air Regulations
What are the prerequisite requirements before a student pilot can be released on their First Solo Flight?
Q#83Air Regulations
What are the flight experience requirements for the issuance of a Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) in India?
Q#84Air Regulations
What is the Recent Experience (Recency) rule for carrying passengers as PIC?
Q#85Air Regulations
What are the validity periods for Class 1 and Class 2 Medical Assessments in India?
Q#86Air Regulations
When is a pilot obligated to report temporary medical unfitness to DGCA?
Q#87Air Regulations
What are the statutory rules regarding Pilot Logbook maintenance (Rule 67)?
Q#88Air Regulations
Detail DGCA Rule 24 and the CAR regarding alcohol consumption and Breath Analyzer (BA) testing.
Q#89Air Regulations
What are the rules regarding psychoactive substances and prescription medications?
Q#90Air Regulations
Explain the Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) light indications.
Q#91Air Regulations
What are the mandatory items in an ATC clearance that MUST be read back verbatim by a pilot?
Q#92Air Regulations
What are the four Flight Information Regions (FIRs) in India?
Q#93Air Regulations
What is Special VFR (SVFR) flight and what are its minimum weather criteria?
Q#94Air Regulations
Explain the visual interception signals if intercepted by a military aircraft.
Q#95Air Regulations
What are the rules regarding smoking on board civil aircraft in India?
Q#96Air Regulations
What are the four categories of Aircraft Ownership under Indian registration rules?
Q#97Air Regulations
What is a Certificate of Release to Service (CRS) and who can sign it?
Q#98Air Regulations
Explain the Aerodrome Traffic Circuit: Legs, standard direction, and departure/arrival procedures.
Q#99Air Regulations
What is a Runway Incursion and what are its severity categories?
Q#100Air Regulations
Explain the visual differences between Taxiway Edge lights and Runway Edge lights.
Q#101Air Regulations
What is the standard procedure for an aircraft experiencing Complete Electrical Failure in flight?
Q#102Air Regulations
What is an Air Traffic Services (ATS) Route and how is it designated?
Q#103Air Regulations
What is a Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA) on an aeronautical chart?
Q#104Air Regulations
Explain the difference between Decision Altitude (DA) and Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA).
Q#105Air Regulations
What are the rules regarding towing of gliders or banners by aircraft in India?
Q#106Air Regulations
What are the Carriage of Firearms and Weapons rules on Indian civil aircraft?
Q#107Air Regulations
What is the Minimum Fuel Advisory and how does it differ from a Fuel Emergency?
Q#108Air Regulations
What are the rules regarding Pilot Flying (PF) vs Pilot Monitoring (PM) in multi-crew operations?
Q#109Air Regulations
Explain the Sterile Flight Deck Rule.
Q#110Air Regulations
What is Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) and what systems prevent it?
Q#111Air Regulations
Summarize the master regulatory viva check sheet for DGCA examinations.
Q#112Air Regulations
What is an Air Operator Certificate (AOC) and when is it required?
Q#113Air Regulations
What are the rules regarding VFR flight above FL150 and FL200 in India?
Q#114Air Regulations
What is an Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ) and what are its standard dimensions?
Q#115Air Regulations
Distinguish between a Control Zone (CTR) and a Control Area (CTA/TMA).
Q#116Air Regulations
What are the Minimum Safe Heights for VFR flight over congested cities vs elsewhere?
Q#117Air Regulations
Distinguish between Prohibited Areas (VAP-), Restricted Areas (VAR-), and Danger Areas (VAD-).
Q#118Air Regulations
What is an Airprox (Near Miss) and what are its severity categories?
Q#119Air Regulations
What are the rules regarding Dropping of Articles or Spraying from an aircraft in India?
Q#120Air Regulations
Explain the visual differences between Runway Guard Lights and Stop Bars.
Q#1Aviation MeteorologySection 1: Atmosphere & Physical Composition
What is the chemical composition of clean, dry atmospheric air?
Q#2Aviation MeteorologySection 1: Atmosphere & Physical Composition
How does water vapour content vary in the atmosphere, and what are condensation nuclei?
Q#3Aviation MeteorologySection 1: Atmosphere & Physical Composition
Describe the Troposphere and its main characteristics.
Q#4Aviation MeteorologySection 1: Atmosphere & Physical Composition
What is the Tropopause and how does its height and temperature vary with latitude?
Q#5Aviation MeteorologySection 1: Atmosphere & Physical Composition
What are the four primary operational significances of the Tropopause to pilots?
Q#6Aviation MeteorologySection 1: Atmosphere & Physical Composition
Describe the Stratosphere and the function of the Ozone Layer (O₃).
Q#7Aviation MeteorologySection 1: Atmosphere & Physical Composition
What are the Mesosphere and Thermosphere?
Q#8Aviation MeteorologySection 1: Atmosphere & Physical Composition
What are the baseline standard values of the ICAO International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) at Mean Sea Level (MSL)?
Q#9Aviation MeteorologySection 1: Atmosphere & Physical Composition
How do you calculate ISA Temperature and ISA Deviation at any flight level?
Q#10Aviation MeteorologySection 1: Atmosphere & Physical Composition
Calculate the ISA Temperature at FL050, FL180, FL240, and FL300.
Q#11Aviation MeteorologySection 2: Atmospheric Pressure & Altimetry
Define Atmospheric Pressure and state how pressure decreases with altitude.
Q#12Aviation MeteorologySection 2: Atmospheric Pressure & Altimetry
Provide the standard pressure values (hPa) for key ICAO flight levels.
Q#13Aviation MeteorologySection 2: Atmospheric Pressure & Altimetry
Define QFE, QNH, QNE, and QFF.
Q#14Aviation MeteorologySection 2: Atmospheric Pressure & Altimetry
Explain the classic altimetry rule: 'High to Low, Look Out Below'.
Q#15Aviation MeteorologySection 2: Atmospheric Pressure & Altimetry
Define Transition Altitude (TA), Transition Level (TRL), and Transition Layer.
Q#16Aviation MeteorologySection 2: Atmospheric Pressure & Altimetry
Explain the semi-diurnal variation of atmospheric pressure.
Q#17Aviation MeteorologySection 2: Atmospheric Pressure & Altimetry
Define Depressions (Lows), Anticyclones (Highs), Troughs, Ridges, and Cols.
Q#18Aviation MeteorologySection 2: Atmospheric Pressure & Altimetry
Define the standard meteorological isolines used on aviation weather charts.
Q#19Aviation MeteorologySection 3: Temperature, Heat & Inversions
Explain the four primary mechanisms of atmospheric heat transfer.
Q#20Aviation MeteorologySection 3: Temperature, Heat & Inversions
What is Albedo and Specific Heat? Contrast the thermal behavior of land vs water.
Q#21Aviation MeteorologySection 3: Temperature, Heat & Inversions
Explain the Diurnal Variation of surface air temperature and the Stevenson Screen.
Q#22Aviation MeteorologySection 3: Temperature, Heat & Inversions
What is a Temperature Inversion? Detail its four primary formation types.
Q#23Aviation MeteorologySection 3: Temperature, Heat & Inversions
What are the four critical aviation flight hazards associated with a low-level Temperature Inversion?
Q#24Aviation MeteorologySection 4: Density & Density Altitude
Define Air Density and state the DSTH relationship (Density, Speed, Temperature, Humidity).
Q#25Aviation MeteorologySection 4: Density & Density Altitude
Why is moist air less dense than dry air? Explain using molecular weights.
Q#26Aviation MeteorologySection 4: Density & Density Altitude
What is Density Altitude (DA) and how is it calculated?
Q#27Aviation MeteorologySection 5: Moisture, Humidity & Normand's Theorem
Define Absolute Humidity, Relative Humidity (RH), and Dewpoint Temperature.
Q#28Aviation MeteorologySection 5: Moisture, Humidity & Normand's Theorem
What are Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb, and Wet Bulb Depression?
Q#29Aviation MeteorologySection 5: Moisture, Humidity & Normand's Theorem
State Normand's Theorem and its practical application to aerological diagrams.
Q#30Aviation MeteorologySection 5: Moisture, Humidity & Normand's Theorem
State the rule-of-thumb formula for calculating convective cloud base height from surface temperature and dewpoint.
Q#31Aviation MeteorologySection 6: Lapse Rates & Stability
Compare DALR, SALR, and ELR: Definitions and standard values.
Q#32Aviation MeteorologySection 6: Lapse Rates & Stability
Detail the four states of Atmospheric Stability.
Q#33Aviation MeteorologySection 6: Lapse Rates & Stability
Compare the flight and weather characteristics of a Stable vs an Unstable Atmosphere.
Q#34Aviation MeteorologySection 7: Cloud Classification & Physics
List the 10 main cloud genera and their standard altitude families.
Q#35Aviation MeteorologySection 7: Cloud Classification & Physics
What are Altocumulus Lenticularis and Altocumulus Castellanus clouds, and what do they warn pilots of?
Q#36Aviation MeteorologySection 7: Cloud Classification & Physics
Distinguish between Halos and Coronas.
Q#37Aviation MeteorologySection 7: Cloud Classification & Physics
Define Cloud Base, Cloud Ceiling, and Cloud Amount (Oktas).
Q#38Aviation MeteorologySection 8: Precipitation & Fog
Explain the Bergeron-Findeisen Theory and Collision-Coalescence Theory of precipitation.
Q#39Aviation MeteorologySection 8: Precipitation & Fog
Define Fog, Mist, and Haze according to ICAO criteria.
Q#40Aviation MeteorologySection 8: Precipitation & Fog
Explain the formation, favorable conditions, and dissipation of Radiation Fog.
Q#41Aviation MeteorologySection 8: Precipitation & Fog
Explain Advection Fog, Upslope Fog, Steam Fog, and Frontal Fog.
Q#42Aviation MeteorologySection 9: Winds & Local Circulations
List and formulate the primary forces that govern atmospheric motion and wind.
Q#43Aviation MeteorologySection 9: Winds & Local Circulations
State Buys Ballot's Law and explain its surface friction modification.
Q#44Aviation MeteorologySection 9: Winds & Local Circulations
Define Geostrophic Wind and Gradient Wind.
Q#45Aviation MeteorologySection 9: Winds & Local Circulations
Explain the effect of surface friction on wind. Define 'Veering' and 'Backing'.
Q#46Aviation MeteorologySection 9: Winds & Local Circulations
Describe the mechanism and timing of Sea Breeze and Land Breeze systems.
Q#47Aviation MeteorologySection 9: Winds & Local Circulations
Detail Anabatic and Katabatic mountain winds.
Q#48Aviation MeteorologySection 9: Winds & Local Circulations
Explain the thermodynamics of Foehn and Chinook Winds.
Q#49Aviation MeteorologySection 9: Winds & Local Circulations
Define the 'Thermal Wind' and explain how thermal advection is diagnosed.
Q#50Aviation MeteorologySection 10: Jet Streams & CAT
Define a Jet Stream according to WMO criteria and state its dimensions.
Q#51Aviation MeteorologySection 10: Jet Streams & CAT
Compare the three major global Jet Streams: STJ, PFJ, and TEJ.
Q#52Aviation MeteorologySection 10: Jet Streams & CAT
What is Clear Air Turbulence (CAT)? State its threshold criteria and where it is found near a jet stream.
Q#53Aviation MeteorologySection 11: Fronts & Occlusions
Define Front, Frontogenesis, and Frontolysis.
Q#54Aviation MeteorologySection 11: Fronts & Occlusions
Describe the Warm Front: its slope, advance speed, cloud succession, and weather sequence.
Q#55Aviation MeteorologySection 11: Fronts & Occlusions
Describe the Cold Front: its slope, speed, cloud types, and weather sequence.
Q#56Aviation MeteorologySection 11: Fronts & Occlusions
Distinguish between a Cold Occlusion and a Warm Occlusion.
Q#57Aviation MeteorologySection 12: Thunderstorms & Icing
What are the three essential requirements for Thunderstorm (Cb) formation and the three stages of its lifecycle?
Q#58Aviation MeteorologySection 12: Thunderstorms & Icing
Explain Microbursts: Dimensional criteria, lifetime, and the flight aerodynamics of an encounter.
Q#59Aviation MeteorologySection 12: Thunderstorms & Icing
What radar separation distance is recommended from severe Thunderstorms?
Q#60Aviation MeteorologySection 12: Thunderstorms & Icing
Compare the three types of aircraft structural icing: Clear Ice, Rime Ice, and Mixed Ice.
Q#61Aviation MeteorologySection 12: Thunderstorms & Icing
What is Freezing Rain and why is it an immediate emergency?
Q#62Aviation MeteorologySection 12: Thunderstorms & Icing
Explain Carburetor Icing: environmental envelope, inflight symptoms, and recovery.
Q#63Aviation MeteorologySection 13: Climatology of India & Codes
Outline the official classification of Indian seasons by IMD.
Q#64Aviation MeteorologySection 13: Climatology of India & Codes
What are Western Disturbances (WD) and how do they impact aviation in Northern India?
Q#65Aviation MeteorologySection 13: Climatology of India & Codes
Describe Nor'westers (Kalbaishakhi) in Eastern India.
Q#66Aviation MeteorologySection 13: Climatology of India & Codes
What is an 'Andhi' (Dust Storm) in Northwest India (Rajasthan / Kishangarh)?
Q#67Aviation MeteorologySection 13: Climatology of India & Codes
What is the Axis of Monsoon Trough (AMT) and what is a 'Break in Monsoon'?
Q#68Aviation MeteorologySection 13: Climatology of India & Codes
Detail the IMD Classification of Tropical Cyclones by Maximum Sustained Surface Wind (MSW).
Q#69Aviation MeteorologySection 13: Climatology of India & Codes
Decode this sample Indian METAR string line-by-line: `METAR VIDP 160900Z 28012G22KT 3000 HZ FEW025 SCT080 34/18 Q1008 NOSIG=`
Q#70Aviation MeteorologySection 13: Climatology of India & Codes
What are the four mandatory criteria for a weather report to qualify for CAVOK?
Q#71Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain the anatomy, triggers, and aviation hazards of Pre-Frontal Squall Lines.
Q#72Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What is an Arcus or Shelf Cloud, and what does it warn pilots of?
Q#73Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Detail the Subtropical Westerly Jet (STJ) over Northern India during winter.
Q#74Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Describe the Somali Jet (Findlater Jet) and its role in the Indian Southwest Monsoon.
Q#75Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Contrast the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal branches of the Southwest Monsoon.
Q#76Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Describe the anatomy of a mature Tropical Cyclone: Eye, Eye Wall, and Spiral Rainbands.
Q#77Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
List the mandatory thermodynamic and dynamic conditions required for Tropical Cyclogenesis.
Q#78Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain the Global Atmospheric Circulation: Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar Cells.
Q#79Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO). How do they affect Indian weather?
Q#80Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Define Runway Visual Range (RVR) and its statutory reporting increments.
Q#81Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain the Beaufort Wind Scale: key forces from Calm to Hurricane.
Q#82Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Distinguish between a 'Gust' and a 'Squall'.
Q#83Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
List all standard weather phenomenon letter codes used in METAR and TAF reports.
Q#84Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Decode this sample Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) line-by-line: `TAF VIDP 160900Z 1612/1718 27010KT 5000 HZ NSC TEMPO 1614/1618 3000 TSRA FEW025CB BKN030 BECMG 1704/1706 09008KT 6000=`
Q#85Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What is a SIGMET? What weather phenomena trigger a SIGMET and what is its validity period?
Q#86Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What is VOLMET and ATIS?
Q#87Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain Hoar Frost, Rain Ice, and Runback Icing.
Q#88Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Detail Mountain Waves (Lee Waves): required conditions, rotor turbulence, and downdraft hazards.
Q#89Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What is Virga and what extreme hazard does it signal to pilots?
Q#90Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain the Pre-Monsoon Pakistan-Rajasthan Heat Low and its effect on aircraft performance.
Q#91Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What is the 'Clean Aircraft Concept'?
Q#92Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain why the core of a mature tropical cyclone is warm (Warm Core Low).
Q#93Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What is an Easterly Wave in the tropics?
Q#94Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain the Northeast (Winter) Monsoon over Peninsular India.
Q#95Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What is the Loo wind in Northern India?
Q#96Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain the difference between Dynamic Pressure and Static Pressure in the atmosphere.
Q#97Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
How does air temperature affect the speed of sound, and why does Mach number increase in a constant IAS climb?
Q#98Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Define Specific Humidity and Mixing Ratio.
Q#99Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What is Supercooling and how do supercooled water droplets exist down to -40°C?
Q#100Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain the structure and operation of an Aerodrome Anemometer.
Q#101Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What is an Isallobar and how is it used to predict the movement of low pressure systems?
Q#102Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Describe the characteristics of a Cold Air Pool.
Q#103Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain the differences between Warm Advection and Cold Advection.
Q#104Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What is the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)?
Q#105Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain the mechanics of a Warm Core Low vs a Cold Core Low.
Q#106Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain the formation of a Dust Devil (Willy-Willy).
Q#107Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What is an Air Mass? Classify the primary air masses affecting world weather.
Q#88Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What is Frontolysis and what synoptic features cause a front to dissipate?
Q#109Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain the Warm Sector of a mid-latitude frontal depression.
Q#110Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Detail the life cycle of a Polar Front Depression (Bjerknes Theory).
Q#111Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What is Dewpoint Depression and how does it correlate with flight visibility?
Q#112Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain the formation and hazards of Hail.
Q#113Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What is Frost on an aircraft wing and what are its exact aerodynamic penalties?
Q#114Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What is Lightning and what parts of an aircraft are most commonly struck?
Q#115Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain the trade winds and the Horse Latitudes.
Q#116Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Define Inversion of Lapse Rate and list the instruments used for upper air soundings.
Q#117Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Explain the difference between Air Temperature and Skin (Total) Temperature on high-speed aircraft.
Q#118Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What is an Airmet (AIRMET) and how does it differ from a Sigmet?
Q#119Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
What are Noctilucent Clouds?
Q#120Aviation MeteorologySection 14: Advanced Met & Viva Specials
Summarize the master aviation rules of thumb for Meteorology in DGCA examinations.
Q#1General Navigation
What is the exact physical shape of the Earth for navigational purposes? Define the Oblate Spheroid, flattening ratio, and contrast Geodetic vs Geocentric Latitude.
Q#2General Navigation
Define a Great Circle and its Vertex. Why does a Great Circle track angle continually change across longitudes?
Q#3General Navigation
Define a Rhumb Line. Contrast Great Circles and Rhumb Lines for short-haul vs long-haul transoceanic flight planning.
Q#4General Navigation
State the Earth Convergency formula. Explain why convergency is zero at the Equator and equals Change of Longitude at the Poles.
Q#5General Navigation
Define Conversion Angle and state its relationship to Earth Convergency. Detail the rules for converting Great Circle Tracks to Rhumb Line Tracks in both hemispheres.
Q#6General Navigation
Define 'Departure' and state the Departure Formula. Calculate the physical distance along parallels of latitude and explain why Departure decreases with latitude.
Q#7General Navigation
Define Chart Scale and Representative Fraction (RF). Calculate ground distance from chart measurements and explain the 'Earth Shrink Factor'.
Q#8General Navigation
Compare the properties, scale variations, and line representations of Mercator, Lambert Conformal, and Polar Stereographic projections.
Q#9General Navigation
Define Civil, Nautical, and Astronomical Twilight by solar depression angles. Explain the legal aviation definition of 'Night' under DGCA CAR.
Q#10General Navigation
Explain the factors determining the duration of Twilight across different latitudes and seasons. Why is twilight shortest at the Equator?
Q#11General Navigation
Define Perihelion and Aphelion. Explain Kepler's Three Laws of Planetary Motion and their navigational significance.
Q#12General Navigation
What is the Equation of Time? Explain its two physical causes (orbital eccentricity and obliquity of the ecliptic) and the Analemma.
Q#13General Navigation
Explain the relationships between UTC, GMT, LMT, and Standard Time. Calculate Local Mean Time from Longitude and explain Indian Standard Time (IST).
Q#14General Navigation
Describe the International Date Line (IDL), its alignment, and the date adjustment rules when crossing Eastbound vs Westbound.
Q#15General Navigation
Define the Point of No Return (PNR). State the formula, derivation, and calculate PNR under varying headwind and tailwind conditions.
Q#16General Navigation
Define the Equi-Time Point (Critical Point / ETP). Derive its formula and explain how wind shifts the ETP position.
Q#17General Navigation
Contrast PNR and ETP under Engine Failure (OEI) and Cabin Depressurization emergencies. How do fuel reserves affect each?
Q#18General Navigation
Explain the geometric principle of the 1-in-60 Rule. State the formulas for Track Error Angle, Closing Angle, and Total Correction Angle.
Q#19General Navigation
Work through a complete in-flight 1-in-60 rule navigation problem. Calculate Track Error, Closing Angle, and revised heading to destination.
Q#20General Navigation
Detail the Airspeed Hierarchy from IAS to TAS. Explain the physical causes and correction sequence for Instrument, Position, Compressibility, and Density errors.
Q#21General Navigation
Explain Terrestrial Magnetism: the Earth's magnetic dipole, magnetic poles, magnetic equator (aclinic line), and magnetic dip (inclination).
Q#22General Navigation
Define Magnetic Variation (Declination). Explain Isogonals, the Agonic Line, and the operational mnemonic 'Variation West, Magnetic Best'.
Q#23General Navigation
What is Aircraft Magnetic Deviation? Explain hard and soft iron magnetism, the compass swing, and how to use the Cockpit Deviation Card.
Q#24General Navigation
Explain the acceleration and turning errors of a Direct-Reading Magnetic Compass in the Northern Hemisphere (ANDS and UNOS).
Q#25General Navigation
Define Dead Reckoning (D.R.) and explain the Triangle of Velocities. Detail the Air Vector, Wind Vector, and Ground Vector.
Q#26General Navigation
Provide mental math rules for Time, Speed, and Distance calculations in flight. How do pilots calculate Groundspeed in NM per minute?
Q#27General Navigation
Outline Fuel Planning and Safe Endurance rules. Detail Taxi, Trip, Contingency, Alternate, and Final Reserve fuel requirements.
Q#28General Navigation
Work through a complete Critical Point (ETP) numerical problem with headwind and tailwind. Show the mathematical derivation and step-by-step solution.
Q#29General Navigation
Define QNH, QFE, and QNE barometric altimeter settings. Compare their pressure datums and explain what each setting indicates on the ground.
Q#30General Navigation
Define Transition Altitude (TA), Transition Level (TL), and Transition Layer. Why is cruising flight strictly prohibited within the Transition Layer?
Q#31General Navigation
Explain Altimeter Temperature Errors. State the Rule of Thumb formula and explain why extreme cold air creates a deadly obstacle clearance hazard.
Q#32General Navigation
Define Density Altitude and formulate its calculation. Explain its impact on engine thrust, propeller efficiency, and takeoff ground roll.
Q#33General Navigation
Explain the operation of the mechanical CRP-5 Flight Computer. Detail how to use the Wind Triangle slide and Circular Slide Rule side.
Q#34General Navigation
Define Static Air Temperature (SAT), Total Air Temperature (TAT), and Ram Temperature Rise. State the mathematical formulas for high-speed flight.
Q#35General Navigation
Describe the standard ICAO Search and Rescue (SAR) navigation search patterns: Track Crawl, Creeping Line, Expanding Square, and Sector Search.
Q#36General Navigation
Explain the fundamentals of Area Navigation (RNAV) and Performance-Based Navigation (PBN). Distinguish between RNAV and RNP specifications.
Q#37General Navigation
What is an RNP AR (Authorization Required) approach? Detail its curved radius-to-fix (RF) legs and obstacle clearance benefits.
Q#38General Navigation
Define Grid Navigation and explain why it is essential in Polar regions. What is a 'Grivation'?
Q#39General Navigation
Explain the navigation wind triangle calculation for Minimum Time Routes and Maximum Range Cruise (MRC) vs Long Range Cruise (LRC).
Q#40General Navigation
Review the essential formulas of General Navigation that every pilot must know for DGCA oral and written examinations.
Q#41General Navigation
What is an Oblate Spheroid and what are the exact dimensions of the Earth?
Q#42General Navigation
Define Geocentric Latitude vs Geodetic Latitude.
Q#43General Navigation
Define Great Circle and state its four essential navigation properties.
Q#44General Navigation
Define Rhumb Line (Loxodrome) and contrast it with a Great Circle.
Q#45General Navigation
State the Earth Convergency formula and Conversion Angle formula.
Q#46General Navigation
State the Departure formula and explain why departure decreases with latitude.
Q#47General Navigation
Explain the standard units of distance in aviation: Nautical Mile, Statute Mile, and Kilometer.
Q#48General Navigation
Define Magnetic Variation (Declination), Isogonals, and the Agonic Line.
Q#49General Navigation
Define Magnetic Deviation, Compass Swing, and the Deviation Card.
Q#50General Navigation
Explain the Triangle of Velocities and the three vector conventions.
Q#51General Navigation
Explain the 1-in-60 Rule, Track Error Angle, and Closing Angle.
Q#52General Navigation
Solve this sample 1-in-60 Viva Problem: 'After flying 40 NM, aircraft is 4 NM right of track. Total distance is 100 NM. What is the correction to steer?'
Q#53General Navigation
Define the Point of No Return (PNR) and state its formula.
Q#54General Navigation
Define the Critical Point (Equal Time Point - ETP) and state its formula.
Q#55General Navigation
Contrast Mercator and Lambert Conformal Conic chart projections.
Q#56General Navigation
Explain the properties of a Polar Stereographic Projection.
Q#57General Navigation
Explain Time Systems: Solar Day, Sidereal Day, LMT, and UTC.
Q#58General Navigation
Explain Civil Twilight, Nautical Twilight, and Astronomical Twilight.
Q#59General Navigation
Define Pressure Altitude (PA) and Density Altitude (DA) and formulate their calculation.
Q#60General Navigation
Explain the 3-Degree Descent Profile and how to calculate Top of Descent (TOD) and Rate of Descent (ROD).
Q#61General Navigation
Explain Gyroscopic Rigidity in Space and Precession.
Q#62General Navigation
Explain Earth Rate Gyro Wander and Transport Wander.
Q#63General Navigation
Explain Crosswind and Headwind component mental math calculations.
Q#64General Navigation
Summarize the master General Navigation formula sheet for DGCA examinations.
Q#65General Navigation
What is Representative Fraction (RF) on an aeronautical chart?
Q#66General Navigation
Why does Greenland appear roughly the same size as Africa on a Mercator chart?
Q#67General Navigation
Explain the standard parallels on a Lambert Conformal Conic chart.
Q#68General Navigation
Define the Parallel of Origin and Constant of the Cone on a Lambert projection.
Q#69General Navigation
What is Transverse Mercator and why is it used for aerodrome charts and ICAO 1:500,000 maps?
Q#70General Navigation
Calculate the Local Mean Time (LMT) at Mumbai (72°50'E) when UTC is 12:00:00.
Q#71General Navigation
What is the Equation of Time (EoT) and what causes it?
Q#72General Navigation
Explain the International Date Line (IDL) and the rule for date adjustment when crossing it.
Q#73General Navigation
What are the Solstices and Equinoxes?
Q#74General Navigation
Why is twilight duration shortest at the Equator and longest at high latitudes?
Q#75General Navigation
Explain the Maximum Drift Angle formula and the 'Clock-Face' mental drift rule.
Q#76General Navigation
Explain the Double Track Error rule for regaining planned track.
Q#77General Navigation
How does an outbound headwind vs tailwind affect the time and distance to Point of No Return (PNR)?
Q#78General Navigation
Work through a complete PNR numerical problem with numbers.
Q#79General Navigation
Explain the Critical Point (ETP) shift into the wind and solve a sample numerical.
Q#80General Navigation
What is the Altimeter Temperature Correction formula for low ambient temperatures?
Q#81General Navigation
Define Absolute Altitude, True Altitude, Indicated Altitude, and Pressure Altitude.
Q#82General Navigation
Explain the mechanical CRP-5 / E6B Flight Computer navigation slide rule.
Q#83General Navigation
What are Ring Laser Gyros (RLG) and Fiber Optic Gyros (FOG)?
Q#84General Navigation
What is Schuler Tuning and what is the Schuler Period of an Inertial Navigation System?
Q#85General Navigation
Explain the four standard ICAO Search and Rescue (SAR) navigation search patterns.
Q#86General Navigation
What is Required Navigation Performance (RNP) vs Area Navigation (RNAV)?
Q#87General Navigation
Explain Radius-to-Fix (RF) legs in RNP AR approaches.
Q#88General Navigation
Define Grid Navigation and Grivation in Polar regions.
Q#89General Navigation
What is Maximum Range Cruise (MRC) vs Long Range Cruise (LRC)?
Q#90General Navigation
Explain the Navigation Log (Nav Log) and its mandatory flight deck components.
Q#91General Navigation
What is Ground Speed (GS) calculation from distance and time in mental flight math?
Q#92General Navigation
Explain the relationship between True Heading, Magnetic Heading, and Compass Heading.
Q#93General Navigation
What is an Air Distance vs Ground Distance?
Q#94General Navigation
What is the Vertex of a Great Circle and how do you find its properties?
Q#95General Navigation
How do you calculate the Antipodal Position of any point on Earth?
Q#96General Navigation
Summarize the master General Navigation check sheet for DGCA examinations.
Q#97General Navigation
Explain the differences between True Airspeed (TAS), Calibrated Airspeed (CAS), and Equivalent Airspeed (EAS) in navigation.
Q#98General Navigation
What is Ram Temperature Rise (Ram Rise) and Recovery Factor on high-speed airspeed and temperature probes?
Q#99General Navigation
Explain the Cardinal and Quadrantal compass points and their 3-figure angular values.
Q#100General Navigation
What is Drift Angle and how are Port Drift vs Starboard Drift applied to Heading?
Q#101General Navigation
How is Track Made Good (TMG) established between visual fixes?
Q#102General Navigation
What is a Groundspeed Check in visual navigation and how is it calculated?
Q#103General Navigation
Explain the Crab Angle on crosswind landing approaches.
Q#104General Navigation
What is the difference between Wind Velocity reported by ATC vs Upper Wind Prognostic Charts?
Q#105General Navigation
Calculate the Crosswind and Headwind component for Runway 05 (050°) when wind is 080° / 20 kt.
Q#106General Navigation
How do you calculate Fuel Consumption and Flight Endurance in flight planning?
Q#107General Navigation
What is Contingency Fuel and how is it calculated?
Q#108General Navigation
What is Holding Fuel and what is the typical consumption in holding patterns?
Q#109General Navigation
Distinguish between Dead Reckoning (DR) Position, Estimated Position (EP), and Confirmed Fix.
Q#110General Navigation
What is a Visual Checkpoint (Pinpoint) and what features make a superior checkpoint?
Q#111General Navigation
Explain the effect of Headwind vs Tailwind on Aircraft Range vs Aircraft Endurance.
Q#112General Navigation
What is Maximum Endurance Speed vs Maximum Range Speed in piston aircraft?
Q#113General Navigation
What is the Latitude Nut on a mechanical directional gyroscope?
Q#114General Navigation
Explain Great Circle track changes along an East-West flight in the Northern Hemisphere.
Q#115General Navigation
How is Departure distance converted into Change of Longitude?
Q#116General Navigation
Explain the relationship between Rhumb Line Track and Great Circle Track in the Southern Hemisphere.
Q#117General Navigation
What is an Agonic Line and where is it located in India?
Q#118General Navigation
What is the 60-Index on a circular navigation flight computer?
Q#119General Navigation
Explain the safety margins applied to Safe Endurance calculations.
Q#120General Navigation
Summarize the essential General Navigation viva oral formulas for DGCA examinations.
Q#1Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the architecture of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems): Space, Control, and User segments. How does satellite trilateration establish a 3D position fix?
Q#2Radio Navigation & Radar
What are GNSS pseudorange errors? Explain Ionospheric delay, Tropospheric delay, Multipath reflections, and Dilution of Precision (DOP).
Q#3Radio Navigation & Radar
Detail GAGAN (GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation): India's SBAS architecture, GSAT space segment, ground network, and certified aviation services.
Q#4Radio Navigation & Radar
Compare the three GNSS Augmentation Systems: ABAS (RAIM), SBAS (GAGAN/WAAS/EGNOS), and GBAS (LAAS). Detail their architecture, accuracy, and approach capabilities.
Q#5Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain ABAS and RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring). How many satellites are required for Fault Detection (FD) vs Fault Exclusion (FDE)?
Q#6Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the Instrument Landing System (ILS) Architecture: Localizer, Glideslope, Marker Beacons, and Visual Aids. Detail frequencies and modulation.
Q#7Radio Navigation & Radar
Detail the ILS Localizer: angular course width, coverage sector, full-scale deflection, and the hazards of Back-Course approaches.
Q#8Radio Navigation & Radar
Detail the ILS Glideslope: UHF frequency pairing, beam dimensions, standard 3-degree slope, and the danger of False Glideslopes.
Q#9Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain ILS Marker Beacons: Outer, Middle, and Inner Markers. Detail their frequencies, modulation tones, light colors, and distance from threshold.
Q#10Radio Navigation & Radar
Detail the ICAO ILS Operating Categories (CAT I, II, IIIA, IIIB, IIIC): Decision Heights, RVR minima, and aircraft/ground equipment requirements.
Q#11Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the Microwave Landing System (MLS): C-band operating frequency, Time-Reference Scanning Beam (TRSB), and curved approach capabilities.
Q#12Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain VHF Direction Finding (VDF). Detail the aeronautical Q-codes (QDM, QDR, QTE, QUJ) and the four classes of VDF bearing accuracy.
Q#13Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the operating principles of NDB and ADF. Describe the Loop antenna, Sense antenna, and the resulting Cardioid polar diagram.
Q#14Radio Navigation & Radar
Contrast the three ADF Cockpit Displays: Fixed Card, Rotatable Card, and Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI). Work through a Relative Bearing problem.
Q#15Radio Navigation & Radar
Detail the operational errors of NDB / ADF: Night Effect, Coastal Refraction, Mountain Effect, Quadrantal Error, and Thunderstorm Effect.
Q#16Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the operating principle of a VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR): the 30 Hz Reference and Variable phase signals. Contrast CVOR vs DVOR.
Q#17Radio Navigation & Radar
Detail VOR Cockpit Instrumentation: OBS, CDI (Course Deviation Indicator), TO/FROM flag, and the Cone of Confusion.
Q#18Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain Distance Measuring Equipment (DME): UHF interrogation/reply pulses, 63 microsecond delay, and the geometry of Slant Range Error.
Q#19Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain Doppler Radar navigation: Doppler frequency shift formula, the Janus 4-beam array, and autonomous determination of Groundspeed and Drift.
Q#20Radio Navigation & Radar
Detail Airborne Weather Radar: X-band vs C-band, precipitation attenuation, iso-echo contouring, and identifying severe convective hazards.
Q#21Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain Airborne Weather Radar Antenna Tilt Management and Ground Return Elimination. Detail how to scan the Freezing Level.
Q#22Radio Navigation & Radar
Contrast Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) and Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR). Explain pulse transmission, frequencies, and target identification.
Q#23Radio Navigation & Radar
Detail SSR Transponder Modes: Mode A, Mode C, and Mode S. Explain the 24-bit ICAO aircraft address and selective interrogation.
Q#24Radio Navigation & Radar
List and explain the International Special Transponder Squawk Codes: 7700, 7600, 7500, 2000, and standard VFR codes.
Q#25Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast) and ADS-C (Contract). Detail the 1090 MHz Extended Squitter and NextGen surveillance.
Q#26Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain VOR/DME Area Navigation (Rho-Theta RNAV). How does the navigation computer establish 'Phantom Waypoints'?
Q#27Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) and VORTAC facilities. How do civilian aircraft utilize military TACAN stations?
Q#28Radio Navigation & Radar
Detail the Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT): frequencies (406 MHz vs 121.5 MHz), COSPAS-SARSAT satellite tracking, and automatic G-switch activation.
Q#29Radio Navigation & Radar
Contrast Precision Approach (PA), Non-Precision Approach (NPA), and Approach with Vertical Guidance (APV). Explain Decision Altitude (DA) vs MDA.
Q#30Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the geometry of Instrument Holding Patterns: standard turn directions, leg timings, entry sectors, and the Triple Drift wind correction rule.
Q#31Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the Circling Approach (Visual Maneuvering): protected obstacle clearance areas, aircraft approach categories, and missed approach procedures.
Q#32Radio Navigation & Radar
What is Continuous Descent Final Approach (CDFA)? Contrast it with the legacy 'Dive and Drive' technique. Define Derived Decision Altitude (DDA).
Q#33Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the components of Total System Error (TSE) in Required Navigation Performance (RNP): Path Definition, Flight Technical, and Navigation System errors.
Q#34Radio Navigation & Radar
Describe Multi-Sensor Flight Management System (FMS) Position Updating: Sensor priority ranking and automatic reversionary logic.
Q#35Radio Navigation & Radar
Review the Aeronautical Radio Frequency Spectrum Allocations (LF, MF, VHF, UHF, SHF) and state the key frequencies used in aviation.
Q#36Radio Navigation & Radar
Detail the Line-of-Sight VHF Range Formula for aircraft communications and VOR beacons. Calculate theoretical reception range at FL300.
Q#37Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the Radar Equation and how target cross-section and distance affect received primary radar echo power.
Q#38Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain Electronic Flight Bags (EFB) and Moving Map GNSS. Detail the regulations regarding Own-Ship position display.
Q#39Radio Navigation & Radar
Detail the ILS Localizer and Glideslope installation parameters at Kishangarh Airport (VIKG) based on the official eAIP India.
Q#40Radio Navigation & Radar
Summarize the critical formulas and rules of Radio Navigation for DGCA Viva examinations.
Q#41Radio Navigation & Radar
List the Aeronautical Radio Frequency Bands and their exact frequency ranges.
Q#42Radio Navigation & Radar
State the relationship between Radio Frequency, Wavelength, and the Speed of Light.
Q#43Radio Navigation & Radar
State the Line-of-Sight VHF Propagation Range formula for aircraft.
Q#44Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the four classes of VHF Direction Finding (VDF) bearing accuracy.
Q#45Radio Navigation & Radar
Define the aeronautical Q-codes QDM, QDR, QTE, and QUJ.
Q#46Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the operating principle of NDB and ADF and the Cardioid polar diagram.
Q#47Radio Navigation & Radar
State the formula relating Relative Bearing, Magnetic Heading, and Magnetic Bearing.
Q#48Radio Navigation & Radar
Detail the five primary operational errors of NDB and ADF.
Q#49Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain VOR operating principles and the difference between CVOR and DVOR.
Q#50Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain VOR Cockpit Instrumentation: OBS, CDI needle, and TO/FROM flag.
Q#51Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) operating frequency and pulse pairing.
Q#52Radio Navigation & Radar
What is DME Slant Range Error and when is it most pronounced?
Q#53Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the Instrument Landing System (ILS) Localizer: frequencies, modulation, course width, and coverage sector.
Q#54Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the ILS Glideslope: frequency band, angle, beam dimensions, and False Glideslopes.
Q#55Radio Navigation & Radar
Compare the three ILS Marker Beacons: Outer, Middle, and Inner Markers.
Q#56Radio Navigation & Radar
Detail the ICAO ILS Operating Categories (CAT I, II, IIIA, IIIB, IIIC).
Q#57Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the Microwave Landing System (MLS) and its advantages over ILS.
Q#58Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) architecture: Space, Control, and User segments.
Q#59Radio Navigation & Radar
What is RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring) and how many satellites are required?
Q#60Radio Navigation & Radar
Detail GAGAN (GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation): Architecture and operational capabilities in India.
Q#61Radio Navigation & Radar
Contrast Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) and Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR).
Q#62Radio Navigation & Radar
Detail SSR Transponder Modes: Mode A, Mode C, and Mode S.
Q#63Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS II / ACAS): Tau, TA, and RA.
Q#64Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain Airborne Weather Radar (AWR): Frequencies, Iso-echo contouring, and attenuation.
Q#65Radio Navigation & Radar
Summarize the master Radio Navigation viva formulas for DGCA examinations.
Q#66Radio Navigation & Radar
What is the difference between CVOR and DVOR radiated signal spectrum?
Q#67Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain VOR Cone of Confusion (Cone of Ambiguity).
Q#68Radio Navigation & Radar
What is an ILS Back Course approach and why is it dangerous in light aircraft?
Q#69Radio Navigation & Radar
What is an ILS Critical Area vs Sensitive Area?
Q#70Radio Navigation & Radar
What is ILS Localizer Course Scalloping and Beam Bends?
Q#71Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the differences between ABAS, SBAS, and GBAS augmentation systems.
Q#72Radio Navigation & Radar
What is the Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) in satellite navigation?
Q#73Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the difference between ADS-B Out and ADS-B In.
Q#74Radio Navigation & Radar
What is a 'Ghost' or 'Phantom' Waypoint in Rho-Theta RNAV?
Q#75Radio Navigation & Radar
What is an Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) and what frequencies does it transmit on?
Q#76Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the Radar Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) and Maximum Unambiguous Range.
Q#77Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the Radar Pulse Length and Minimum Detection Range.
Q#78Radio Navigation & Radar
What is an RMI (Radio Magnetic Indicator) and how does it combine Heading, VOR, and ADF?
Q#79Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the difference between Precision Approach (PA) and Non-Precision Approach (NPA).
Q#80Radio Navigation & Radar
What is Continuous Descent Final Approach (CDFA) and Derived Decision Altitude (DDA)?
Q#81Radio Navigation & Radar
What is Total System Error (TSE) in RNP navigation and what are its three components?
Q#82Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain Multi-Sensor FMS Position Updating and the sensor hierarchy.
Q#83Radio Navigation & Radar
Summarize the master Radio Navigation viva formulas and rules for DGCA examinations.
Q#84Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain Polarization of radio waves: Horizontal, Vertical, and Circular.
Q#85Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain Attenuation of radio waves: Inverse-Square Law and Atmospheric Absorption.
Q#86Radio Navigation & Radar
What is Fading of radio signals and what causes it?
Q#87Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain Skywave propagation and the ionospheric layers (D, E, F1, F2).
Q#88Radio Navigation & Radar
What are Critical Frequency and Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF)?
Q#89Radio Navigation & Radar
What are Skip Distance, Skip Zone, and Dead Space in HF communications?
Q#90Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the Doppler Frequency Shift formula and its aviation applications.
Q#91Radio Navigation & Radar
How does Airborne Doppler Radar calculate Groundspeed and Drift autonomously?
Q#92Radio Navigation & Radar
What is an NDB Beat Frequency Oscillator (BFO) and when must it be turned on?
Q#93Radio Navigation & Radar
Distinguish between Homing and Tracking an NDB station.
Q#94Radio Navigation & Radar
What is VOR Course Width at 60 Nautical Miles from the station?
Q#95Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the angular sensitivity difference between VOR and ILS Localizer.
Q#96Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain ILS Glideslope beam thickness and vertical sensitivity.
Q#97Radio Navigation & Radar
What is NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation / IRNSS)?
Q#98Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain Primary Radar Pulse Width and Range Resolution.
Q#99Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain Primary Radar Beamwidth and Azimuth (Bearing) Resolution.
Q#100Radio Navigation & Radar
What is Moving Target Indication (MTI) on Primary Surveillance Radar?
Q#101Radio Navigation & Radar
What are SSR Fruit and Garbling?
Q#102Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain TCAS II Sensitivity Levels (SL 1 to 7).
Q#103Radio Navigation & Radar
What is a TCAS Reversal Advisory and how must pilots respond?
Q#104Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain Weather Radar Antenna Tilt Management during Climb, Cruise, and Descent.
Q#105Radio Navigation & Radar
What are a Weather Radar Hook Echo and Vault (Weak Echo Region)?
Q#106Radio Navigation & Radar
What is Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS / GLS)?
Q#107Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the difference between LNAV, LNAV/VNAV, and LPV instrument approaches.
Q#108Radio Navigation & Radar
Summarize the master Radio Navigation formulas and rules of thumb for DGCA examinations.
Q#109Radio Navigation & Radar
What is DME X-Channel vs Y-Channel pulse spacing?
Q#110Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the DME Interrogator Search Mode vs Track Mode.
Q#111Radio Navigation & Radar
What is Difference in Depth of Modulation (DDM) on an ILS Localizer?
Q#112Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain ILS Marker Beacon audio modulation frequencies and cockpit annunciators.
Q#113Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain GNSS Code-Phase Tracking vs Carrier-Phase Tracking.
Q#114Radio Navigation & Radar
What is an SSR Mode S All-Call vs Roll-Call Interrogation?
Q#115Radio Navigation & Radar
What are the TCAS II Pilot Avoidance Maneuver reaction time requirements?
Q#116Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the components of an ILS Ground Station installation.
Q#117Radio Navigation & Radar
What is an Instrument Holding Pattern: standard turn direction, leg timings, and entry procedures?
Q#118Radio Navigation & Radar
Explain the Triple Drift Rule in an Instrument Holding Pattern.
Q#119Radio Navigation & Radar
What is an Airway and what are Minimum En-route Altitude (MEA) and Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude (MOCA)?
Q#120Radio Navigation & Radar
Summarize the critical Radio Navigation check sheet for DGCA examinations.
Q#1Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the architecture of the aircraft Pitot-Static System. Detail the pressures sensed by the Pitot Tube and Static Port.
Q#2Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the symptoms of Pitot Tube Blockages: Drain Hole Open vs Drain Hole Blocked. Why does the Airspeed Indicator act as an Altimeter?
Q#3Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the symptoms of Static Port Blockages across the Altimeter, VSI, and Airspeed Indicator. Explain how the Alternate Static Source operates.
Q#4Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the mechanism of the Airspeed Indicator (ASI), its differential pressure capsule, and the aviation color-coded arcs and V-speeds.
Q#5Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the mechanism of the Sensitive Altimeter: the evacuated aneroid capsule, Kollsman subscale window, and barometric lag.
Q#6Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the mechanism of the Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) and Instantaneous VSI (IVSI). Why does a standard VSI have a 6 to 9 second lag?
Q#7Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Machmeter: operating principle, ratio of dynamic to static pressure (q/Ps), and why it has no density or temperature errors.
Q#8Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail Local Speed of Sound (LSS) calculations. Explain why LSS depends SOLELY on air temperature, and calculate LSS at Sea Level vs the Tropopause.
Q#9Flight Instruments & Avionics
Define Critical Mach (Mcrit), Mach Tuck, and Coffin Corner. Explain the aerodynamic purpose of the Mach Warning Horn.
Q#10Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Air Data Computer (ADC / ADCs): input sensors, digital processing, and output distribution across cockpit EFIS and autopilot.
Q#11Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the fundamental properties of a Gyroscope: Rigidity in Space and Gyroscopic Precession. Detail the mathematical angular momentum relation.
Q#12Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Gyroscopic Wander: Real Wander vs Apparent Drift. State the Earth Rate Drift formula and calculate drift at 30 degrees latitude.
Q#13Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Attitude Indicator (Artificial Horizon): Earth gyro, pendulous vane erection mechanism, acceleration and turn errors.
Q#14Flight Instruments & Avionics
Contrast the Turn and Slip Indicator vs the Turn Coordinator. Explain why the Turn Coordinator gyro is canted at 30 degrees.
Q#15Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Slaved Gyro Flux Gate Compass: the Wingtip Flux Valve, error-free magnetic heading, and elimination of turning errors.
Q#16Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the Radio Altimeter (Rad Alt): operating frequency (SHF FMCW), beat frequency measurement, and Cat II/III autoland integration.
Q#17Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) and Inertial Reference Systems (IRS): Gimballed vs Strapdown architectures and the accelerometer integration process.
Q#18Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Ring Laser Gyro (RLG): the Sagnac Effect, optical path interference, and the Laser Lock-In dither motor.
Q#19Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail Schuler Tuning: why an inertial platform behaves like an 84.4-minute pendulum, and how it eliminates aircraft acceleration errors.
Q#20Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the IRS Alignment Process on the ground: Leveling, Gyrocompassing to find True North, and latitude sanity checks.
Q#21Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU) and Hybrid GPS/Inertial Navigation. How does Kalman filtering combine IRS and GPS data?
Q#22Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the evolution of Ground Proximity Warning Systems: Legacy GPWS vs Enhanced GPWS / TAWS (Terrain Awareness and Warning System).
Q#23Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail EGPWS / TAWS Mode 1: Excessive Descent Rate. Explain the caution boundary, warning boundary, and pilot response.
Q#24Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail EGPWS / TAWS Mode 2: Excessive Terrain Closure Rate. Contrast Mode 2A vs Mode 2B.
Q#25Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail EGPWS / TAWS Mode 3: Altitude Loss After Takeoff or Go-Around. Explain why it triggers 'DON'T SINK'.
Q#26Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail EGPWS / TAWS Mode 4: Unsafe Terrain Clearance in Non-Landing Configuration. Contrast Modes 4A, 4B, and 4C.
Q#27Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail EGPWS / TAWS Mode 5: Excessive Glideslope Deviation. Explain the soft vs hard alert levels and the Glideslope Inhibit switch.
Q#28Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail EGPWS / TAWS Mode 6: Advisory Altitude Callouts and Bank Angle Protection. State typical airline touchdown callout schedules.
Q#29Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail EGPWS / TAWS Mode 7: Reactive Windshear Detection. Contrast Increasing Performance vs Decreasing Performance windshear alerts.
Q#30Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Proactive TAWS Features: Forward-Looking Terrain Avoidance (FLTA), Premature Descent Alert (PDA), and Cockpit Terrain Display color coding.
Q#31Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the architecture of the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS II Version 7.1). How does it use the Tau parameter to predict collisions?
Q#32Flight Instruments & Avionics
Contrast TCAS II Alerts: Traffic Advisory (TA) vs Resolution Advisory (RA). Detail tau thresholds, cockpit symbols, and voice callouts.
Q#33Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Coordinated TCAS Resolution Advisories and the legal priority of an RA over conflicting ATC instructions.
Q#34Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS): Primary Flight Display (PFD) symbology, speed trends, and Multi-Function Display (MFD) modes.
Q#35Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Flight Management System (FMS / FMC): navigation database, performance database, LNAV, and VNAV functions.
Q#36Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Garmin G1000 NXi avionics suite on the PA-28-181 Archer III DX: GIA 64W, GRS 79 AHRS, GDC 72 ADC, and GEA 71 engine interface.
Q#37Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Engine Indication and Crew Alerting Systems (EICAS / ECAM): sensor centralization, alert color hierarchy, and electronic synoptics.
Q#38Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Head-Up Display (HUD) and Enhanced Flight Vision Systems (EFVS): collimated optics, Flight Path Vector (FPV), and low-visibility credits.
Q#39Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the Flight Data Recorder (FDR) and Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR): crash survivability standards, recording parameters, and the Underwater Locator Beacon (ULB).
Q#40Flight Instruments & Avionics
Summarize the critical formulas and operating rules of Flight Instruments and Avionics for DGCA Viva examinations.
Q#41Flight Instruments & Avionics
What are the colored arcs and speed markings on an Airspeed Indicator (ASI)?
Q#42Flight Instruments & Avionics
Define Maneuvering Speed ($V_A$) and explain why it decreases as aircraft weight decreases.
Q#43Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the critical operational V-speeds every pilot must memorize for oral examinations.
Q#44Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the errors of an Airspeed Indicator: Instrument, Position, Density, and Compressibility.
Q#45Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Square Law relationship in the Airspeed Indicator and how it is mechanically compensated.
Q#46Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the construction of a sensitive Pressure Altimeter and the function of the Kollsman window.
Q#47Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Altimeter Pressure Settings: QNH, QFE, QNE, and Standard Altimeter Setting.
Q#48Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Altimeter Temperature Error and state the practical formula for True Altitude.
Q#49Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Altimeter Mechanical and Operating Errors: Hysteresis, Lag, and Barometric Pressure Error.
Q#50Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Instantaneous Vertical Speed Indicator (IVSI) and its turning error.
Q#51Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Machmeter capsule design and why it requires no temperature or density calibration.
Q#52Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Direct-Reading Magnetic Compass: physical design, fluid, and jewel pivot.
Q#53Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Magnetic Compass Acceleration Errors in the Northern Hemisphere (ANDS).
Q#54Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Magnetic Compass Turning Errors in the Northern Hemisphere (UNOS).
Q#55Flight Instruments & Avionics
What is Compass Deviation, how is a Compass Swing performed, and what is the Deviation Card?
Q#56Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the two fundamental properties of a Gyroscope: Rigidity in Space and Gyroscopic Precession.
Q#57Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Directional Gyro / Direction Indicator (DI) and why it must be reset periodically.
Q#58Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the Earth Rate Drift formula and calculate gyro apparent drift at 30° North latitude.
Q#59Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Attitude Indicator (Artificial Horizon) erection mechanism: Pendulous Vanes.
Q#60Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Vacuum System powering mechanical gyroscopic instruments: pump, regulator, and gauge.
Q#61Flight Instruments & Avionics
Contrast a Rate Gyro (1 Degree of Freedom) vs a Displacement Gyro (2 Degrees of Freedom).
Q#62Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Slaved Gyro Flux Gate Compass: Flux Valve, Slaving Amplifier, and HSI.
Q#63Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Primary Flight Display (PFD) 'Basic T' layout and modern glass cockpit symbology.
Q#64Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Engine Indication System (EIS) on the Garmin G1000 NXi in the PA-28 Archer.
Q#65Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Thermocouple principle (Seebeck Effect) used in CHT and EGT gauges.
Q#66Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Fuel Quantity Measurement: Float-Type Resistance vs Capacitance-Type Gauges.
Q#67Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Bourdon Tube mechanism used in Engine Oil Pressure and Hydraulic Gauges.
Q#68Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Gauge: mechanism and non-running engine reading.
Q#69Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Tachometer / RPM Indicator types: Mechanical Centrifugal vs Magnetic Drag vs Electronic Pulse.
Q#70Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Stall Warning System: Flapper Switch, Lift Transducer, and Reed Horn.
Q#71Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the Stick Shaker and Stick Pusher systems in transport category aircraft.
Q#72Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Angle of Attack (AoA) Indicator and its advantages over the Airspeed Indicator.
Q#73Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the Flight Director (FD): Single-Cue vs Dual-Cue Crossbars and its relationship to the Autopilot.
Q#74Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail modern Autopilot Modes: Pitch/Roll Hold, HDG, ALT, VS, FLC / IAS, and Approach (APP).
Q#75Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Autopilot Servo Motor Slip Clutch and the Autopilot Runaway emergency procedure.
Q#76Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Yaw Damper: Dutch roll suppression and coordination without pilot rudder input.
Q#77Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Mach Trim System: Mach tuck counteraction at transonic speeds.
Q#78Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator (EHSI) and its bearing pointer display modes.
Q#79Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Standby Instrument System: Electronic Standby Instrument System (ESIS) and backup power.
Q#80Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the Radio Altimeter Decision Height (DH) Bug and cockpit audio/visual alert operation.
Q#81Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail modern TCAS II Version 7.1 alerting logic: Tau formula and aurals for RA reversals.
Q#82Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Forward-Looking Terrain Avoidance (FLTA) function in modern TAWS / EGPWS.
Q#83Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Weather Radar Display: Tilt Management, Calibration, and Ground Clutter Suppression.
Q#84Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Radar Shadow / Radar Attenuation phenomenon and its danger in flight.
Q#85Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Flight Management System (FMS) Cost Index (CI) and its influence on cruise performance.
Q#86Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Fly-By Waypoints vs Fly-Over Waypoints in RNAV / FMS navigation.
Q#87Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Top of Descent (TOD) calculation and the 3:1 Rule of Thumb for descents.
Q#88Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the Electronic Flight Bag (EFB): Hardware Classes and Software Types.
Q#89Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Head-Up Display (HUD) and Enhanced Flight Vision System (EFVS).
Q#90Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Pitot Heat: operating principle, cockpit indication, and ground test caution.
Q#91Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Static Port design and the purpose of paired static vents on opposite sides of the fuselage.
Q#92Flight Instruments & Avionics
What is an Air Data Inertial Reference System (ADIRS) and how does it prevent catastrophic instrumentation loss?
Q#93Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Ring Laser Gyro (RLG) and the Sagnac Effect used in modern inertial reference systems.
Q#94Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Fiber Optic Gyro (FOG) and how it compares to the Ring Laser Gyro (RLG).
Q#95Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Magnetometer (Flux Valve) calibration process: 'Compass Swing' in glass cockpits.
Q#96Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Engine Oil Temperature Gauge: Ratiometer vs Wheatstone Bridge.
Q#97Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Centralized Crew Alerting System (CAS) message hierarchy: Warning, Caution, Advisory.
Q#98Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Fuel Flow Indicator: Differential Pressure vs Turbine Impeller.
Q#99Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the construction and purpose of the Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT 406 MHz).
Q#100Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Transponder Altitude Encoder (Blind Encoder): Gray Code vs ARINC 429.
Q#101Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail ADS-B Out and ADS-B In: operating frequency and avionics components.
Q#102Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Hydraulic Pressure Indicator and Low Pressure Warning System.
Q#103Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Cockpit Annunciator Panel / Master Warning Test Switch procedure.
Q#104Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the Centralized Aircraft Maintenance Computer (BITE - Built-In Test Equipment).
Q#105Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the De-Ice Pressure and Ammeter Gauges: Pneumatic Boots vs Electrically Heated Props.
Q#106Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the G-Meter (Accelerometer): operational purpose and telltale needle markers.
Q#107Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Carbon Monoxide (CO) Cockpit Detectors: chemical spot vs electronic sensor.
Q#108Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Master Avionics Switch and Why It Must Be OFF During Engine Start.
Q#109Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the Emergency Gear Extension System in Retractable Gear Aircraft.
Q#110Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain Synthetic Vision Technology (SVT) on modern glass cockpit Primary Flight Displays.
Q#111Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Static Wick (Discharger) System: purpose, placement, and pre-flight inspection.
Q#112Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) Leaning Procedure for naturally aspirated piston engines.
Q#113Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Cylinder Head Temperature (CHT) Limits and Thermal Shock prevention during descent.
Q#114Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Magnetic Dip phenomenon and the design feature used to counteract it in compasses.
Q#115Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the Pressure Altitude formula and calculate Pressure Altitude for 2,000 ft elevation with QNH 1003 hPa.
Q#116Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the Density Altitude formula and explain why it is the true measure of aircraft aerodynamic performance.
Q#117Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Critical Engine concept in multi-engine aircraft instruments and aerodynamics.
Q#118Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Minimum Controllable Airspeed ($V_{MCA}$) and its relationship to single-engine flight.
Q#119Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Operation of the MT-Propeller Governor and Feathering System on the PA-28 Archer DX.
Q#120Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine Control) Architecture and Backup Battery in the Archer DX.
Q#121Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) Envelope Modulation.
Q#122Flight Instruments & Avionics
Explain the Primary Radar vs Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) displayed on modern ATM screens.
Q#123Flight Instruments & Avionics
Detail the Master Flight Instruments and Avionics Oral Viva Check Sheet for DGCA Examinations.
Q#1Principles of FlightSection 1: Basic Physics & Atmosphere
What is air density and how does temperature affect it?
Q#2Principles of FlightSection 1: Basic Physics & Atmosphere
How do pressure and humidity affect air density?
Q#3Principles of FlightSection 1: Basic Physics & Atmosphere
State Boyle's Law and Charles's Law.
Q#4Principles of FlightSection 1: Basic Physics & Atmosphere
State Pascal's Law and its aviation application.
Q#5Principles of FlightSection 1: Basic Physics & Atmosphere
Define Static Pressure, Dynamic Pressure, and Total Pressure.
Q#6Principles of FlightSection 1: Basic Physics & Atmosphere
State Bernoulli’s Theorem.
Q#7Principles of FlightSection 1: Basic Physics & Atmosphere
How does Bernoulli's theorem explain lift generation?
Q#8Principles of FlightSection 2: Airspeeds & Measurements
What is Indicated Airspeed (IAS) and Calibrated Airspeed (CAS / RAS)?
Q#9Principles of FlightSection 2: Airspeeds & Measurements
What is Equivalent Airspeed (EAS)?
Q#10Principles of FlightSection 2: Airspeeds & Measurements
What is True Airspeed (TAS) and Ground Speed (GS)?
Q#11Principles of FlightSection 2: Airspeeds & Measurements
Summarize the complete Airspeed Hierarchy from IAS to GS.
Q#12Principles of FlightSection 2: Airspeeds & Measurements
What is Mach Number and how does temperature affect the Local Speed of Sound?
Q#13Principles of FlightSection 3: Aerofoil Geometry & Terminology
What is an aerofoil and what is the Chord Line?
Q#14Principles of FlightSection 3: Aerofoil Geometry & Terminology
Define Camber Line and Maximum Thickness.
Q#15Principles of FlightSection 3: Aerofoil Geometry & Terminology
Contrast a Symmetrical Aerofoil vs a Cambered Aerofoil.
Q#16Principles of FlightSection 3: Aerofoil Geometry & Terminology
What is Aspect Ratio and how does it influence induced drag?
Q#17Principles of FlightSection 3: Aerofoil Geometry & Terminology
What is Fineness Ratio and Taper Ratio?
Q#18Principles of FlightSection 3: Aerofoil Geometry & Terminology
What is Dihedral and Anhedral? Illustrate with a front-view alignment diagram.
Q#19Principles of FlightSection 3: Aerofoil Geometry & Terminology
Why do high-wing transport aircraft and swept-wing jets use Anhedral?
Q#20Principles of FlightSection 3: Aerofoil Geometry & Terminology
What is Angle of Incidence (AOI) vs Angle of Attack (AoA)? Illustrate the difference.
Q#21Principles of FlightSection 3: Aerofoil Geometry & Terminology
Define Relative Airflow (RAF) and Angle of Attack (AoA).
Q#22Principles of FlightSection 3: Aerofoil Geometry & Terminology
Explain Effective Airflow, Effective AoA, and Induced AoA with an aerodynamic diagram.
Q#23Principles of FlightSection 3: Aerofoil Geometry & Terminology
What is Upwash and Downwash?
Q#24Principles of FlightSection 3: Aerofoil Geometry & Terminology
Contrast Turbulent Airflow vs Laminar Airflow.
Q#25Principles of FlightSection 3: Aerofoil Geometry & Terminology
What is the Aerodynamic Center (AC)?
Q#26Principles of FlightSection 3: Aerofoil Geometry & Terminology
What is the Center of Pressure (CP) and how does it move with increasing AoA?
Q#27Principles of FlightSection 3: Aerofoil Geometry & Terminology
What is the Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)?
Q#28Principles of FlightSection 4: Forces, Lift & Drag
What are the four forces acting on an aircraft in steady level flight?
Q#29Principles of FlightSection 4: Forces, Lift & Drag
What are the aircraft's three rotational axes and their primary flight controls?
Q#30Principles of FlightSection 4: Forces, Lift & Drag
What physical mechanisms generate aerodynamic lift?
Q#31Principles of FlightSection 4: Forces, Lift & Drag
How does Indicated Airspeed (IAS) influence lift generation?
Q#32Principles of FlightSection 4: Forces, Lift & Drag
What is Parasite Drag and how does it change with airspeed?
Q#33Principles of FlightSection 4: Forces, Lift & Drag
What is Induced Drag and how does it change with airspeed?
Q#34Principles of FlightSection 4: Forces, Lift & Drag
What is Total Drag and where does Minimum Drag Speed (Vmd) occur?
Q#35Principles of FlightSection 4: Forces, Lift & Drag
What is L/D max and when is it achieved?
Q#36Principles of FlightSection 4: Forces, Lift & Drag
How does Aspect Ratio affect induced drag?
Q#37Principles of FlightSection 4: Forces, Lift & Drag
What are wingtip vortices and wake turbulence?
Q#38Principles of FlightSection 4: Forces, Lift & Drag
What is Ground Effect and how does it affect flight?
Q#39Principles of FlightSection 4: Forces, Lift & Drag
State the mathematical formulas for aerodynamic Lift and Drag.
Q#40Principles of FlightSection 4: Forces, Lift & Drag
What is a pitching moment, and do symmetrical/cambered aerofoils produce it at 0° AoA?
Q#41Principles of FlightSection 5: Stalls & High Lift Devices
What is an aerodynamic stall and what causes it?
Q#42Principles of FlightSection 5: Stalls & High Lift Devices
How do Aircraft Weight and Bank Angle affect stall speed?
Q#43Principles of FlightSection 5: Stalls & High Lift Devices
How do Altitude and Engine Power affect stall speed? Illustrate the CL vs AoA power effect curve.
Q#44Principles of FlightSection 5: Stalls & High Lift Devices
What is an accelerated stall?
Q#45Principles of FlightSection 5: Stalls & High Lift Devices
What is a shock stall and a deep stall (super stall)?
Q#46Principles of FlightSection 5: Stalls & High Lift Devices
What is wing washout and why is it used?
Q#47Principles of FlightSection 5: Stalls & High Lift Devices
What are stall strips and wing fences?
Q#48Principles of FlightSection 5: Stalls & High Lift Devices
What are vortex generators?
Q#49Principles of FlightSection 5: Stalls & High Lift Devices
What is a stick shaker and a stick pusher?
Q#50Principles of FlightSection 5: Stalls & High Lift Devices
What is an aerodynamic spin and what conditions cause it?
Q#51Principles of FlightSection 5: Stalls & High Lift Devices
What is the standard spin recovery procedure (PARE)?
Q#52Principles of FlightSection 5: Stalls & High Lift Devices
What is the primary purpose of wing flaps?
Q#53Principles of FlightSection 5: Stalls & High Lift Devices
Name 4 types of trailing edge flaps and state which flap increases wing area.
Q#54Principles of FlightSection 5: Stalls & High Lift Devices
What are slats and how do they differ from slots?
Q#55Principles of FlightSection 5: Stalls & High Lift Devices
What is the normal sequence of operation for slats and flaps?
Q#56Principles of FlightSection 5: Stalls & High Lift Devices
Distinguish between aerodynamic Buffeting and aeroelastic Flutter.
Q#57Principles of FlightSection 6: Flight Mechanics
How do forces balance in steady level flight, steady climb, and steady descent?
Q#58Principles of FlightSection 6: Flight Mechanics
In a level turn, what provides the turning force and how is Load Factor calculated?
Q#59Principles of FlightSection 6: Flight Mechanics
What happens to stall speed in a 60-degree level turn?
Q#60Principles of FlightSection 6: Flight Mechanics
What defines Rate of Turn and Radius of Turn?
Q#61Principles of FlightSection 6: Flight Mechanics
How does True Airspeed (TAS) affect turn radius and rate of turn?
Q#62Principles of FlightSection 6: Flight Mechanics
What is Absolute Ceiling vs Service Ceiling?
Q#63Principles of FlightSection 6: Flight Mechanics
What is Maximum Range Speed vs Maximum Endurance Speed in piston aircraft?
Q#64Principles of FlightSection 7: Stability & Dynamics
Distinguish between Static Stability and Dynamic Stability.
Q#65Principles of FlightSection 7: Stability & Dynamics
What provides Longitudinal Stability? Illustrate the Cm vs AoA (α) stability curve.
Q#66Principles of FlightSection 7: Stability & Dynamics
What provides Directional and Lateral Stability? Illustrate the Cn vs β and Cl vs β stability graphs.
Q#67Principles of FlightSection 7: Stability & Dynamics
What is the Neutral Point and Static Margin?
Q#68Principles of FlightSection 7: Stability & Dynamics
What is a Phugoid oscillation?
Q#69Principles of FlightSection 7: Stability & Dynamics
What is a Short-Period pitch oscillation?
Q#70Principles of FlightSection 7: Stability & Dynamics
What is Pilot Induced Oscillation (PIO) and how is it recovered?
Q#71Principles of FlightSection 7: Stability & Dynamics
What is Spiral Divergence and what causes it?
Q#72Principles of FlightSection 7: Stability & Dynamics
What is Dutch Roll and what system counters it?
Q#73Principles of FlightSection 8: Flight Controls
What are the primary flight controls and what do they control?
Q#74Principles of FlightSection 8: Flight Controls
What is adverse yaw and what causes it?
Q#75Principles of FlightSection 8: Flight Controls
How do Differential Ailerons and Frise Ailerons fix adverse yaw?
Q#76Principles of FlightSection 8: Flight Controls
What are roll control spoilers?
Q#77Principles of FlightSection 8: Flight Controls
What are speedbrakes and ground spoilers?
Q#78Principles of FlightSection 8: Flight Controls
What is aerodynamic balance on control surfaces?
Q#79Principles of FlightSection 8: Flight Controls
What is a horn balance?
Q#80Principles of FlightSection 8: Flight Controls
What is mass balance and why is it used?
Q#81Principles of FlightSection 8: Flight Controls
What is a trim tab and which way does it move?
Q#82Principles of FlightSection 8: Flight Controls
What is a servo tab vs an anti-balance (anti-servo) tab?
Q#83Principles of FlightSection 8: Flight Controls
What is a stabilator?
Q#84Principles of FlightSection 8: Flight Controls
What is fly-by-wire?
Q#85Principles of FlightSection 9: High-Speed Aerodynamics
Define the speed of sound and high-speed flight regimes.
Q#86Principles of FlightSection 9: High-Speed Aerodynamics
What is Critical Mach Number (Mcrit) and what happens at Mcrit?
Q#87Principles of FlightSection 9: High-Speed Aerodynamics
What is wave drag?
Q#88Principles of FlightSection 9: High-Speed Aerodynamics
How does wing sweepback delay compressibility?
Q#89Principles of FlightSection 9: High-Speed Aerodynamics
What is a supercritical aerofoil?
Q#90Principles of FlightSection 9: High-Speed Aerodynamics
What is a normal shockwave and what flow changes occur across it?
Q#91Principles of FlightSection 9: High-Speed Aerodynamics
What is an oblique shockwave and a bow wave?
Q#92Principles of FlightSection 9: High-Speed Aerodynamics
What is the Coffin Corner?
Q#93Principles of FlightSection 9: High-Speed Aerodynamics
What is Mach Tuck and what does a Mach Trim system do?
Q#94Principles of FlightSection 9: High-Speed Aerodynamics
What does a yaw damper do?
Q#95Principles of FlightSection 9: High-Speed Aerodynamics
What is the Mach Cone?
Q#96Principles of FlightSection 9: High-Speed Aerodynamics
What causes a sonic bang?
Q#97Principles of FlightSection 10: Multi-Engine & Asymmetric Flight
What is the Critical Engine and why is the Left Engine critical on conventional twins (PAST)?
Q#98Principles of FlightSection 10: Multi-Engine & Asymmetric Flight
What is Vmcg?
Q#99Principles of FlightSection 10: Multi-Engine & Asymmetric Flight
What is Vmca?
Q#100Principles of FlightSection 10: Multi-Engine & Asymmetric Flight
What is Cross-Over Altitude?
Q#101Principles of FlightSection 11: Operating Limitations (V-Speeds)
What is Va (Design Maneuvering Speed)?
Q#102Principles of FlightSection 11: Operating Limitations (V-Speeds)
Define Vne, Vno, Vfe, Vle, and Vlo.
Q#103Principles of FlightSection 11: Operating Limitations (V-Speeds)
Define takeoff performance speeds: V1, Vr, and V2.
Q#104Principles of FlightSection 11: Operating Limitations (V-Speeds)
What is Limit Load Factor (DLL) vs Ultimate Load Factor (DUL)?
Q#105Principles of FlightSection 11: Operating Limitations (V-Speeds)
What is the V-n diagram?
Q#106Principles of FlightSection 11: Operating Limitations (V-Speeds)
How does aircraft weight affect maneuvering speed (Va)?
Q#107Principles of FlightSection 12: Propellers
Define Blade Angle, Geometric Pitch, and Effective Pitch.
Q#108Principles of FlightSection 12: Propellers
What is Propeller Slip and why are blades twisted?
Q#109Principles of FlightSection 12: Propellers
Contrast Aerodynamic Twisting Moment (ATM) vs Centrifugal Twisting Moment (CTM).
Q#110Principles of FlightSection 12: Propellers
What is a fixed-pitch propeller vs a Constant Speed Propeller (CSP)?
Q#111Principles of FlightSection 12: Propellers
What is 'fine pitch' vs 'coarse pitch'?
Q#112Principles of FlightSection 12: Propellers
What is propeller feathering?
Q#113Principles of FlightSection 12: Propellers
What is propeller windmilling?
Q#114Principles of FlightSection 12: Propellers
What is the Alpha range vs Beta range of a variable-pitch propeller?
Q#115Principles of FlightSection 12: Propellers
What is a propeller reduction gear?
Q#116Principles of FlightSection 12: Propellers
What is propeller synchronizing and synchrophasing?
Q#117Principles of FlightSection 12: Propellers
What is spiraling slipstream?
Q#118Principles of FlightSection 12: Propellers
What is gyroscopic precession in propeller aircraft?
Q#119Principles of FlightSection 12: Propellers
What are contra-rotating propellers?
Q#120Principles of FlightSection 12: Propellers
What is power absorption in a propeller?
Q#121Principles of FlightSection 13: Systems, Engines & Documents
What are the four strokes of an aero piston engine (Otto Cycle)?
Q#122Principles of FlightSection 13: Systems, Engines & Documents
What does a carburetor do and what is the risk of carburetor icing?
Q#123Principles of FlightSection 13: Systems, Engines & Documents
What provides electrical power in an aircraft?
Q#124Principles of FlightSection 13: Systems, Engines & Documents
What is the function of aircraft hydraulics and what law governs it?
Q#125Principles of FlightSection 13: Systems, Engines & Documents
What does the Certificate of Airworthiness (CofA) and Airworthiness Review Certificate (ARC) signify?
Q#126Principles of FlightSection 13: Systems, Engines & Documents
What is the Certificate of Registration (CofR) and Certificate of Release to Service (CRS)?
Q#127Principles of FlightSection 13: Systems, Engines & Documents
Why is aircraft Weight and Balance important for safety?
Q#128Principles of FlightSection 13: Systems, Engines & Documents