Previously Asked Viva Questions

It is a low-wing, single-engine monoplane with a cabin door on the right side. It features modern avionics and is powered by a liquid-cooled in-line 4-stroke 4-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine (1991cc displacement) controlled by a dual-channel FADEC system. It uses JET A-1/Jet A fuel and an MT-Propeller 3-blade variable-pitch constant-speed propeller.

Selection is based on prevailing wind directions and speeds (into-wind preferred for maximum lift and minimum ground roll), noise abatement procedures, surrounding terrain/obstacles, traffic flow, and available instrument approach procedures. When winds blow from 319° to 139°, Runway 23 is selected as the runway magnetic courses are 229° and 049°. Furthermore, Runway 05 is allowed ONLY for training purposes (e.g. flight training cadets), NOT for commercial flights, and is normally not preferred due to high hills in the climb-out path.

The service ceiling is 16,400 ft (the maximum operating altitude where the rate of climb drops to 100 fpm), whereas the absolute ceiling is the theoretical maximum altitude where the aircraft can no longer climb (climb rate = 0 fpm).

ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) continuously broadcasts aircraft position to ground stations and nearby aircraft via a transponder/datalink. ADS-C (Contract) uses a satellite datalink connection to transmit periodic position reports directly to Air Traffic Control based on a contract agreement, typically for oceanic or remote flights.

Mode S is a secondary surveillance radar transponder protocol providing selective interrogation and altitude reporting. ADS-B automatically broadcasts precise satellite-derived GPS position, altitude, and velocity without requiring ground interrogation signals.

Types include Radiation, Advection, Upslope, Evaporation/Steam, and Frontal fog. Radiation fog forms over land on clear, calm nights when nocturnal radiational cooling lowers ground temperature to the dewpoint, cooling adjacent air to condensation.

They are international commercial aviation agreements establishing traffic rights: 1st (overflight), 2nd (technical stop), 3rd (carry traffic from home to foreign country), 4th (carry traffic from foreign country to home), and 5th (carry traffic between two foreign countries on a flight originating/terminating in home country).

An expansion wave occurs in supersonic flow when air turns away from the flow direction, causing pressure, density, and temperature to decrease while Mach number increases continuously and smoothly.

METAR is a routine weather observation issued hourly or half-hourly, valid at the time of observation. TAF is a terminal aerodrome forecast, typically valid for 24 or 30 hours. SPECI is a special unpredicted weather update issued when significant atmospheric criteria change.

1. General, 2. Limitations, 3. Emergency Procedures, 4. Normal Procedures, 5. Performance, 6. Weight and Balance, 7. Description & Systems (Operating Systems), 8. Handling, Servicing & Maintenance, 9. Supplements.

A turbocharger is driven by high-energy exhaust gases expanding across a turbine. A supercharger is driven mechanically by gears or belts directly off the engine crankshaft (eliminating turbo lag, but drawing direct engine mechanical power).

FG = Fog, BR = Mist, HZ = Haze, DZ = Drizzle, RA = Rain, SN = Snow, TS = Thunderstorm, SH = Shower.

Creep lines are alignment marks painted across the tire sidewall and wheel rim edge to detect tire slippage relative to the wheel. Tread wear indicator grooves/markings show remaining tire tread life.

A Great Circle is the shortest distance between two points on a sphere (its center coincides with the sphere's center). A Rhumb line intersects all meridians at the same angle (constant compass heading). The Equator and all Meridians are both Great Circles and Rhumb lines.

IST is based on 82.5° E longitude, passing through Shankargarh Fort in Mirzapur district, Uttar Pradesh.

Max Ramp Mass (1160 kg) includes taxi fuel; Max Takeoff Mass (1157 kg) is maximum weight at brake release. The 3 kg difference accounts for fuel consumed during startup, engine run-up, and taxi.

Types include differential, Frise, slotted, and plain. The PA28-181 uses differential-type conventional plain ailerons to counter adverse yaw.

It uses an anti-servo tab on the stabilator, moving in the same direction as the trailing edge to increase stick feel force and pitch stability. It is controlled manually via a wheel located between the front seats connected by cables.

VOR types include Terminal (TVOR), Low (LVOR), High (HVOR), and Doppler (DVOR). BVOR is a Broadcast VOR transmitting weather/ATIS. ATIS (Automatic Terminal Information Service) is a continuous broadcast of recorded aeronautical weather and airfield information.

Doppler VOR uses Doppler shift principles to reduce site effect/terrain reflections. Errors faced include instrument errors, vertical polarization error, and residual ground reflections.

The aircraft uses a manually operated spring-loaded single-slot plain flap system (0°, 10°, 25°, 40°). Slots allow high-pressure air from the lower surface to flow over the upper surface, delaying airflow separation at high angles of attack.

A stall occurs when the critical angle of attack is exceeded, causing airflow separation and loss of lift. Factors affecting stall speed include Weight, Load factor/bank angle, CG location, Flap position, Power setting, and Frost/ice accumulation.

The stagnation point is the location on an airfoil surface where airflow velocity drops to zero. Dynamic pressure converts to maximum total pressure (static pressure + dynamic pressure).

It is driven by a 70A belt alternator and powered by the Main Battery (30-40 min FADEC backup), Dedicated FADEC Backup Battery (30 min for ECU A), Emergency Battery (30 min for flight instruments), and Standby Display Battery (4 hrs).

The nose gear (18 psi) carries significantly less weight than the main gear wheels (24 psi), which bear the main landing impact force and total static weight distribution.

The flare is the transitional pitch-up nose transition maneuver performed just before touchdown to reduce sink rate and decrease airspeed for a smooth touchdown on the main wheels.

Vs0 = 45 KIAS, Vs1 = 50 KIAS, Vr = 55 KIAS, Vx = 64 KIAS, Vg = 73 KIAS, Vy = 76 KIAS, Va = 89–113 KIAS, Vfe = 102 KIAS, Vo = 113 KIAS, Vno = 125 KIAS, Vne = 154 KIAS.

Geostrophic winds blow parallel to isobars above the friction layer where Coriolis force balances pressure gradient force. Surface winds blow across isobars towards lower pressure due to ground surface friction reducing Coriolis force.

Rotation speed Vr varies slightly with changes in aircraft gross weight, flap selection, or density altitude, but stays constant as published for standard operations.

White Arc (Flap Operating Range), Green Arc (Normal Operating Range), Yellow Arc (Caution Range / Smooth Air Only), Red Line (Never Exceed Speed Vne).

Maximum glide ratio (distance covered per unit height loss at Vg) does NOT change with weight. However, a heavier aircraft glides at a higher airspeed to maintain optimal L/D ratio.

Increasing AoA increases Load Factor (until stall) and moves Center of Pressure (CP) forward; Center of Gravity (CG) location is fixed based on mass distribution and does not change with AoA.

There is 7.6 Liters / 2 US Gallons total unusable fuel across both wing tanks.

Subtropical Jetstream (STJ) and Tropical Easterly Jetstream (TEJ). STJ is a high-altitude westerly wind found near 30° latitude (~40,000 ft); TEJ occurs near 100-150 hPa (~45,000-50,000 ft) over southern Asia during the Asian summer monsoon.

Terrain obstacles (Aravalli hills), high summer temperatures/density altitude, crosswinds, seasonal bird hazards, and restricted airspace proximity.

The monsoon trough axis lies along the Indo-Gangetic Plains, stretching from Ganganagar to the head of the Bay of Bengal.

It is defined airspace where flight is restricted due to security or military operations (e.g., VAP-1, VAR-23).

It represents the normal operating range (e.g., airspeed Green Arc 50 to 125 KIAS).

It is ratified selectively through bilateral air service agreements between nation-states.

ICAO is the International Civil Aviation Organization, a specialized UN agency headquartered in Montreal that establishes global aviation standards and SARPs.

200 hours total flight time (including 100 hrs PIC, 20 hrs cross-country, 10 hrs instrument time, and night flying requirements), along with passing aviation exams and flight tests per DGCA regulations.

It uses Jet A-1 stored in 2 wing tanks (181.7L usable), a low-point gascolator, an electric feed boost pump for start/emergency, an engine-driven high-pressure common-rail pump under FADEC control, and a return line to the selected tank.

Max engine RPM is 3890 RPM; an integrated gearbox (ratio 1.69:1) reduces maximum propeller speed to 2300 RPM.

It features a built-in reduction gear drive (i = 1.69) with mechanical vibration dampening and overload release using Shell Spirax S6 oil.

Garmin G1000 NXi suite featuring Primary Flight Display (flight/attitude/airspeed parameters) and Multi-Function Display (engine EIS, moving map, navigation).

QNH (altimeter setting giving airfield elevation above MSL), QFE (altimeter setting giving height zero on ground), and QNE (standard pressure setting 1013.25 hPa / 29.92 inHg).

It uses a fixed non-retractable tricycle configuration with oleo-pneumatic struts (N2 gas and oil).

The standby display (e.g. Garmin G5 or EFD) is powered by a dedicated internal Li-ion battery backup lasting up to 4 hours.

Geocentric latitude is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line drawn to Earth's center. Geodetic latitude is the angle between the equatorial plane and a normal line perpendicular to the reference ellipsoid surface.

Advection fog forms when warm, moist air moves horizontally over a cold surface. Steam fog (evaporation fog) forms when cold, dry air moves over a warm water surface.

Full flap deployment (40°) significantly increases parasite/induced drag (specifically form drag), steepening the glide angle without raising airspeed.

Symmetrical airfoils (equal upper/lower camber) and Asymmetrical/Cambered airfoils.

The Stagnation point moves downward/underneath the wing; Transition and Separation points move forward towards the leading edge; Centre of Pressure (CP) moves forward; CG location remains unchanged.

A professional flight academy is chosen due to its modern fleet (PA28-181 G1000 NXi), structured DGCA syllabus, experienced flight instructors, and high safety standard culture.

The maximum difference is approximately 11.6 minutes of arc at 45° latitude due to Earth's oblateness.

Yes, the diesel engine continues running on battery power (Main/FADEC Backup Battery powers ECU for 30-40 minutes).

June to September (4 months), being most vigorous during July and August.

The Intertropical Convergence Zone is a low-pressure belt near the equator where trade winds converge.

Piper Archer III DX (PA-28-181 TAE 125-02-114) single-engine turbo-diesel training aircraft.

It increases indicated airspeed and lift at lower groundspeed, shortening the takeoff roll and steepening the obstacle clearance climb gradient.

Weight, Density altitude (elevation, temperature, humidity), Wind, Runway slope, Surface conditions (grass/wet), and Flap setting.

Load factor (n = 1 / cos(bank angle)) increases with bank angle; at a 60° bank angle, the load factor equals 2g, which increases stall speed.

It is a boundary layer located at 16-18 km (52,000-60,000 ft) altitude over the tropics with temperatures near -80°C.

Tower/Information radio frequencies published in AIP/AOP for Kishangarh Airfield (VIKG) are 118.2 and 118.450.

Tropical Easterly Jetstream (TEJ) occurs at ~14-16 km (45,000-50,000 ft); Subtropical Jetstream (STJ) occurs at ~12 km (39,000-40,000 ft).